Immune responses humoral

Although a humoral immune response is the primaiy protection against most viral and some bacterial diseases, protective defense against other pathogens such as HIV, Plasmodium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis requires a cytotoxic response mediated by CD8+ T-cells (CTL response). Since the introduction of the vaccination concept by Jenner almost 200 yeats ago, only few vaccines have been developed that are able to induce a CTL response. These vaccines are usually attenuated live vaccines that are accompanied by certain risks and are not readily available for most pathogens. The immense appeal of DNA vaccines can be attributed to a considerable part to the fact that they are able to induce... 

Street JC, Sharma RP. 1975. Alteration of induced cellular and humoral immune responses by pesticides and chemicals of environmental concern Quantitative studies of immunosuppression by DDT, Aroclor 1254, carbaryl, carbofuran, and methyl parathion. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 32 587-602. 

Blakeley BR, Sisoda CS, Mukkar TK. 1980. The effect of methyhnercury, tetraethyl lead, and sodium arsenite on the humoral immune response in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharm 52 245-254. 

B cells play a large role in the humoral immune response. In humans, B cells are produced and mature in the bone marrow. However, the abbreviation B does not stand for bone marrow. It stands for the bursa of Fabricius, an organ unique to birds, where B cells originally were discovered to mature. 

Finally, persons with diabetes have altered immune function that predisposes them to infection. Although their humoral immune responses remain intact, leukocyte function and cell-mediated immunity are compromised in poorly controlled disease. Achieving and maintaining tightly controlled blood glucose levels can wholly or partially reverse diabetic immunopathy. 

L. Chatenoud, Humoral immune response against OKT3, Transplant. Proc., 25(2 suppl. 1), 68 (1993). 

Kaminski NE, Koh WS, Yang KH, Lee M, Kessler FK. Suppression of the humoral immune response by cannabinoids is partially mediated through inhibition of adenylate cyclase by a pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein-coupled mechanism. Biochem Pharmacol 1994 48 1899-1908. 

Reigart JR, Graher CD. 1976. Evaluation of the humoral immune response of children with low level lead exposure. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 16 112-117. 

Ohlsson, T., Smith, H. G., Raberg, L., and Hasselquist, D. 2003. Effects of nutrition on sexual ornaments and humoral immune responsiveness in adult male pheasants. Ethol. Ecol. Evol. 15 31—42. 

Another interesting observation is that several species of filarial nematodes have been shown to express chitinase (Fuhrman, 1995). Indeed the chitinase of A. viteae infective stage larvae (L3) is the main target of the protective humoral immune response when jirds are vaccinated with irradiated attenuated L3s (Adam et al., 1996 see also Chapter 10). It remains to be established whether there is an interaction between the parasite s oligo-chitin A-glycans and chitinase and whether such an interaction has a role to play in parasite-host interaction. 

Else, KJ. and Wakelin, D. (1989) Genetic variation in the humoral immune response of mice to the nematode Trichuris muris. Parasite Immunology 11, 77-90. 

Ataman-Onal Y, Munier S, Ganee A et al (2006) Surfactant-free anionic PLA nanoparticles coated with HIV-1 p24 protein induced enhanced cellular and humoral immune responses in various animal models. J Control Release 112 175-185... 

IL-2 acts as a critical autocrine growth factor for T-cells, and the magnitude of the T-cell response is largely dependent upon the level of IL-2 produced. IL-2 also serves as a growth factor for activated B-lymphocytes. In addition to promoting proliferation of these cells, IL-2 (as well as some other interleukins) stimulates enhanced antibody production and secretion. In this way, it effectively potentates the humoral immune response. 

Brichory, F., et al., "Proteomics-Based Identification of Protein Gene Product 9.5 as a Tumor Antigen that Induces a Humoral Immune Response in Lung Cancer," Cancer Res., 61, 7908-7912 (2001). 

Vos, J.G. and de Roij, T., Immunosuppressive activity of a polychlorinated diphenyl preparation on the humoral immune response in guinea pigs, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 21, 549, 1972. 

Temple, L. et al., Comparison of ELISA and plaque-forming cell assays for measuring the humoral immune response to SRBC in rats and mice treated with benzo[a]pyrene or cyclophosphamide, Fundam. Appl. Toxicol., 21, 412, 1993. 

Ladies, G.S., et al., Evaluation of the primary humoral immune response following exposure of male rats to 176-estradiol or flutamide for 15 days, Toxicol. Sci., 46, 75, 1998. 

Wilson, S.D., Munson, A.E. and Meade, B.J., Assessment of the functional integrity of the humoral immune response the plaque-forming cell assay and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Methods, 19, 3, 1999. 

Pruett, S.B., Han, Y.-C., and Fuchs, B.A., Morphine suppresses primary humoral immune responses by a predominantly indirect mechanism, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 262, 923, 1992. 

Freier, D.O. et al., Enhancement of the humoral immune response by Echinacea purpurea in female Swiss mice, Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol, 25, 551, 2003. 

Warren, T., Mitchell, K., and Lawrence, B.P., Exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p dioxin suppresses the cell-mediated and humoral immune response to influenza A vims without affecting cytolytic activity in the lung., Toxicol. Sci., 56, 114, 2000. 

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