Mycobacterium tuberculosis human infection

Talaat KR, Bonawitz RE, Domenech P, Nutman TB Preexposure to live Brugia malayi microfilariae alters the innate response of human dendritic cells to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Infect Dis 2006 193 196-204. 

Kasahara K, Sato I, Ogura K, Takeuchi H, Kobayashi K, Adachi M. Expression of chemokines and induction of rapid cell death in human blood neutrophils by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Infect Dis 1998 178 127-137. 

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causal organism of tuberculosis in humans. Allied strains cause infections in animals, e.g. bovine tuberculosis and tuberculosis in rodents. Due to the waxy nature of the cell wall this organism will resist desiccation and will survive in sputum. Tuberculosis has been largely eliminated by immunization and chemotherapy. 

It was found that the HIV envelope glycoprotein in vitro increases the production of NO by human monocyte-derived macrophages [114]. NO production is increased in patients who have AIDS [115], and the increased concentrations of nitrite in AIDS patients with opportunistic infections is caused by T gondii, Pneumocystis carinii, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Mycobacterium avium, whereas nitrite concentrations are normal in symptom-free patients. It was also confirmed that there was increased production of NO in the sera of children with HIV-1 infection, and of circulating cytokines, such as interleukin lp, tumor necrosis factor a, and interferon y. It is postulated that rises in the concentrations of these cytokines may represent a substantial stimulation of NO production [116]. In contrast, it has been shown that there was no altered endogenous nitrate formation in eight patients with AIDS, most of whom had opportunistic infections [117]. It has also been noted that there were high... 

The infectious killer disease, tuberculosis (TB), is the leading cause of death worldwide from a single human pathogen, claiming more adult lives than diseases such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), malaria, diarrhea, leprosy, and all other tropical diseases combined. The organism usually responsible, the tubercle bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MT), was discovered by Robert Koch in 1882. However, M. bovis, which infects cattle, may also infect humans, and M. africanum is a cause of TB in West Africa. Furthermore, a number of normally nonpathogenic mycobacteria, especially M. avium, M. intracellulare, and M. scrofulaceum, cause opportunistic infectious disease in patients with AIDS. Pulmonary TB, the most common type of the disease, is usually acquired by inhalation of the bacillus from an infectious patient and causes irreversible lung destruction (Newton et al., 2000). 

Downing, J.F., Pasula, R., Wright, J.R., Twigg, H.L., III, and Martin, W.J., II, 1995 Surfactant protein A promotes attachment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to alveolar macrophages during infection with human immunodeficiency virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92 4848M852. 

Fulton SA, Johnsen JM, Wolf SF, et al. Interleukin-12 production by human monocytes infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis role of phagocytosis. Infect Immun 1996 64 2523-31. 

Bouza E, Diaz-Lopez MD, Moreno S, et al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteremia in patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Intern Med 1993 153 496-500. 

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the most successful pathogens of humans. Approximately one third of the world s population harbours latent infection with M. tuberculosis with no ill effect. Reactivation of infection in a small proportion of these subjects leads to progressive lung inflammation with necrosis, and the resulting cavitation permits aerosol spread of the mycobacterium to others. Following acute infection with M. tuberculosis, 5% of subjects will develop primary... 

Lin Y, Zhang M, Bames PF. Chemokine production by a human alveolar epithelial cell line in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect Immun 1998 66 1121-1126. 

Meddows-Taylor S, Martin DJ, Tiemessen CT. Dysregulated production of interleukin-8 in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect Inunun 1999 67 1251-1260. 

Not all bacteria are pathogenic or harmful to humans. Some microorganisms are harmless or even some are very useful for human beings. An example is the lactobacilli in human stomach that helps in converting lactose and other sugars to lactic acid. However, these bacteria will cause disease if they are detected in environments that are not their normal habitat. Thus, the presence of certain bacteria out of their normal habitat is an indicator of a certain disease or contamination. For example. Enterococcus species is used as an indicator of fecal pollution in environmental waters, while the detection of species-specific Enterococcus faeciutn is used as an indicator of human fecal pollution [13]. On the other hand, the presence of some bacteria almost certainly indicate an infection for example, Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis, and Streptococcus and Pseudomonas cause pneumonia. 

The utility of using DO mice to model human disease and population-level responses has been demonstrated in recent manuscripts. As with CC mice, DO mice have been employed as a tool to study a variety of human conditions, including pain sensitivity (Recla et al., 2014), development of atherosclerosis (Smallwood et al., 2014), susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (Harrison et al., 2014), and neurobehavioral traits (Logan et al., 2013), including addiction to drugs of abuse (Dickson et al., 2015). 

Wiley, C. A., Masliah, E., Morey, M., Lemere, C., Deteresa, R., Grafe, M., Hansen, L., and Terry, R. (1991). Neocortical damage during HIV infection. Ann. Neurol. 29, 651-657. Wilkinson, P. C., and Newman, I. (1992). Identification of IL-8 as a locomotor attractant for activated human lymphocytes in mononuclear cell cultures with anti-CD3 or purified protein derivative of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Immunol. 149, 2689-2694. 

Comparison of In Vitro Growth Inhibition of Human Type of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with the In Vivo Protection of Tuberculosis-Infected Guinea Pigs by Essential Oils and Components Thereof... 

Tuberculosis (TB) is the second leading infectious kiUer after HIV/AIDS. Statistical information from World Health Organization (WHO) indicated that 2 billion people were affected by TB bacilli, with 9.4 million new cases and 1.8 million death recorded in 2008 [3]. The disease is caused by the infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria usually attacks the lung causing pulmonary TB (PTB), but can affects other part of human body, refers to extra-pulmonary TB (EPTB). The clinical diagnosis of PTB is conducted by finding the presence of TB bacilli in sputum, while for EPTB using biopsied-tissue examination. 

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