Mycobacterium assay

Hongmanee P., Stender H., Rasmussen O.F. Evaluation of a fluorescence in situ hybridization assay for differentiation between tuberculous and nontuberculous Mycobacterium species in smears of Low-enstein-Jensen and mycobacteria growth indicator tube cultures using peptide nucleic acid probes. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2001 39 1032-1035. 

Zhang W (2006) Microwave-Enhanced High-Speed Fluorous Synthesis. 266 145-166 Zhang X-E, Deng J-Y (2005) Detection of Mutations in Rifampin-Resistant Mycobacterium Tuberculosis by Short Oligonucleotide Ligation Assay on DNA Chips (SOLAC). 261 169-190... 

Shah, J. S., Liu, J., Buxton, D., Hendricks, A., Robinson, L. et al., Q-beta replicase-amplified assay for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis directly from clinical specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33, 1435-1441 (1995). 

M. A. Miller, L. Thibert, F. Desjardins, H. Siddiqi, A. Dascal, Testing the Susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to Pyrazinamide Comparision of Bactec Method with Pyrazinamidase Assay , J. Clin. Microbiol. 1995, 33, 2468-2470. 

To give the reader an idea of the practical effort of the immobilization strategies discussed, applications of these DNA chips are also included, e.g. with one chapter describing the immobilization step included in a short oligonucleotide ligation assay on DNA chip (SOLAC) to identify mutations in a gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in chnic isolates indicating rifampin resistance. 

Alkaline phosphomonoesterase (EC 3.1.3.1). The existence of a phosphatase in milk was first recognized in 1925. Subsequently characterized as an alkaline phosphatase, it became significant when it was shown that the time-temperature combinations required for the thermal inactivation of alkaline phosphatase were slightly more severe than those required to destroy Mycobacterium tuberculosis, then the target micro-organism for pasteurization. The enzyme is readily assayed, and a test procedure based on alkaline phosphatase inactivation was developed for routine quality control of milk pasteurization. Several major modifications of the test have been developed. The usual substrates are phenyl phosphate, p-nitrophenyl-phosphate or phenolphthalein phosphate which are hydrolysed to inorganic phosphate and phenol, p-nitrophenol or phenolphthalein, respectively ... 

LA Collins, SG Franzblau. Microplate Alamar blue assay versus BACTEC 460 system for high-throughput screening of compounds against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41 1004-1009,1997. 

Cooksey RC, Holloway BP, Oldenburg MC, Listenbee S, Miller CW. Evaluation of the invader assay, a linear signal amplification method, for identification of mutations associated with resistance to rifampin and isoniazid in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000 44(5) 1296-1301. 

Extract of cardamom seed displays a variable degree of antimicrobial activity on different microorganisms. Assays indicate that cardamom seed has inhibitory activity on Mycobacterium smegmatis, Klebsiella... 

Whole cell growth inhibition screens combined with subsequent target identification using molecular methods have proven viable approaches to the discovery of novel antibacterial inhibitors. Andries and colleagues (2005) at Johnson Johnson employed whole cell assays to discover a series of antimycobacterial diarylquinolines (DARQs). Chemical optimization of a lead compound led to DARQ derivatives exhibiting potent in vitro activities against several mycobacteria including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Andries et al., 2005 Ji et al., 2006), with MICs below 0.5 pg/mL. Antimycobacterial efficacy in vivo was confirmed for three of the derivatives. 

In combination with an alkaline phosphatase reaction-linked assay, these two schemes have been used successfully for the identification of mutations in the rpoB gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from clinical isolates that show rifampin resistance (Rifr). The advantages and disadvantages of the new approach are discussed. 

PCR can provide valuable diagnostic information in medicine. Bacteria and viruses can be readily detected with the use of specific primers. For example, PCR can reveal the presence of human immunodeficiency virus in people who have not mounted an immune response to this pathogen and would therefore be missed with an antibody assay. Finding Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli in tissue specimens is slow and laborious. With PCR, as few as 10 tubercle bacilli per million human cells can be readily detected. PCR is a promising method for the early detection of certain cancers. This technique can identify mutations of certain growth-control genes, such as the ras genes (Section 15.4 2). The... 

Alcantara-Payawal, D.E., Matsumura, M., Shiratori, Y., Okudaira, T., Gonzalez, R., Lopez, R.A., Sollano, J.D., Omata, M. Direct detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis using polymerase chain reaction assay among patients with hepatic granuloma. X Hepatol. 1997 27 620 - 627... 

The flavoenzyme UDP-galactop)ranose mutase (UGM) plays a key role in the cell wall biosynthesis of many pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. McNeil and co-workers developed a microtiter plate assay for UGM (O Scheme 14) [157]. The assay is based on the release of tritiated formaldehyde from UDP-galactofuranose but not UDP-galactopyranose by periodate and was used to identify a uridine-based enzyme inhibitor from a chemical library. The potent inhibitor 320KAW73 (IC50 = 6 pM) was identified. 

Other flavonoids from the Anthemideae tribe also showed a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. Crude extracts of Haplopappus sonorensis (A. Gray) S.F. Blake showed activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis [228], 5-hydroxy-3,7,4 -trimethoxyflavone, 5,7-dihydroxy-3,4 -dimethoxyflavone (ermanin), Fig. (34) and 5,4 -dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone were identified by assay-guided fractionation, as the antimycobacterial principles. The flavonoid ermanin, Fig. (34) was the most active compound. 

Nateche, F., Martin, A., Baraka, S., Palomino, J.C., Khaled, S. and Portaels, F. (2006). Application of the resazurin microtitre assay for detection of multidrug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Algiers. Medical Microbiology, 55 857-860. 

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