Antibiotic against Mycobacterium tuberculosis

The thiophene analog of chloramphenicol (255) has been synthesized,as also have been similar structures. The antibacterial activity of all was much lower than that of the natural antibiotic. The thioamide of 2-thenoic acid has been prepared in a study of potential antitubercular compounds. It did not surpass thioisonico-tinamide in antitubercular activity. The thiosemicarbazones of thio-phenealdehydes and ketones (cf. Section VII,D) show high activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but are very toxic. The thiosemi-carbazone of 4-(2-thienyl)-3-buten-2-one has been reported to be capable of completely inhibiting the in vitro growth of M. tuberculosis even in relatively low concentrations. ... 

Fitzpatrick, F. K. Plant substances active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antibiot Chemother 1954 4 528. Saha, J. C., E. C. Savini, and S. Kasinathan. Ecbolic properties of Indian medicinal plants. Part I. Indian J Med Res 1961 49 130-151. 

Selvankumar N, Kumar V (1998) Inhibitory activity of trifluoperazine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Non Antibiotics - A New Class of Unrecognized Antimi-crobics. NISCOM, New Delhi, pp. 176-182... 

Streptomycin [7], the first aminoglycoside to find clinical use, was second only to penicillin as an antibiotic in so doing. It was the very first antibiotic with activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the microorganism that causes tuberculosis. In-... 

Steinmetz, H., Irschik, H., Kunze, B., Reichenbach, H. et al. (2007) Thug-gacins, macrolide antibiotics active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis . isolation from myxobacteria, structure elucidation, conformation analysis and biosynthesis. Chem. Eur. /., 13 (20), 5822-5832. 

Other oligosaccharides, such as streptomycin (36) (Fig. 15.7) from Streptomyces griseus isolated from soil samples, have potent antibiotic properties (Sneader, 1985). Streptomycin was originally of great interest because of its activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Sneader, 1985). 

Bamlcetin a pyrimidine antibiotic (see Nucleoside antibiotics) synthesized by Streptomyces plicatus. It is effective in low concentrations against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Structurally, it is very similar to Amicetin (see), differing merely in the structure of the amosamine moiety which possesses a monome-thylamino group in place of the dimethylamino group. 

Tubereidin 6-amino-9-p-D-ribofuranosyl-7-deaza-purine, M, 266.25, m.p. 247-248 °C (d.), [a] j -67° (c = 1, 50% acetic acid), a purine antibiotic (see Nucleoside antibiotics) from Streptomyces tubercidicus, and one of the group of 7-deaza-adenine-nucleoside analogs. The N7 of adenine is replaced by a methylene group. T. is biosynthesized from adenosine (Fig.) the C-atoms of the pyrrole ring are derived from a ribose moiety, which is introduced from 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate. As an antimetabolite of adenosine, T. interferes with purine metabolism. T. can also be eonverted into nicotinamide-dea-za-adenine dinucleotide, which inhibits glycolysis. T. is particularly active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Candida albicans. 

Valinomycin cyclo-(-D-Val-Lac-Val-D-Hyv-)j, an antibiotic, cyclic depsipeptide, especially active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In addition to valine, it contains the heterocomponents, L-lactic acid (Lac) and n-a-hydroxyisovaleric acid (o-Hyv). It is an lonophore (see), which selectively transports potassium ions across membranes. 

Ansamycins, like the macrolides, are synthesized by condensation of a number of acetate and propionate units. These antibiotics, which are produced by several genera of the Actinomy-cetales, display a characteristic core aromatic ring structure. Amongst the best-known family members are the rifamycins, which are particularly active against Gram-positive bacteria and mycobacteria. They have been used, for example, in the treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 

It is a peptide protein synthesis inhibitor antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces capreolus. It is second line antimycobacterial drug which exhibits activity against human strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 

Acler Actiluatics. Other antibiotics were quickly discovered after the introduction of penicillin. A different type of antibiotic, streptomycin, which is active against a widei lange of pathogens than penicillin and is a potent inhibitor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, was isolated from a strain of actinomycete from the throat of a chicken by Waksman at Rutgers in 1944 (Aiba and Evans). Actinomycetes are commonly found in soil and are intermediate between fungi and bacteria. Since 1944. numerous other metabolic products of actinomycetes have been isolated and have made a transition from the bench scale to wide therapeutic use. 

G Harth, MA Horwitz (2003) Inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis glutamine synthetase as a novel antibiotic strategy against tuberculosis demonstration of efficacy in vivo, Infect Immun 71(l) 456-464... 

These two rifamycins S antibiotics 228 and 229 showing a promising activity against atypical Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains230 have been 14C-labelled in five steps (equations 94) and in three steps (equation 95), respectively231. 

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