Antidot

CHjSH CHSH-CHjOH. Usually obtained as an oil, m.p. 77 C. Developed as an antidote to poisoning by organic arsenicals by external application, it is of use in poisoning by Hg, Cu, Zn, Cd but not Pb. It acts by forming a chelate with the metal and so removing it from the system. 

I6I C. Warfarin baits need contain only 0 025% active principle, and rats are killed after ingesting about 5 doses the bait can be left down and the risk of acute toxicity to man or domestic animals is not serious. In common with other coumarin derivatives, warfarin reduces the clotting power of blood and death is caused by haemorrhages initiated by any slight injury. Warfarin is a vitamin K antagonist, and large oral doses of the vitamin can be given as an antidote. 

Arsenic(III) oxide is slightly soluble in water, giving a solution with a sweetish taste—but as little as 0.1 g can be a fatal dose (The antidote is freshly-precipitated iron(III) hydroxide.) The solution has an acid reaction to litmus, due to the formation of arsenic(III) acid ... 

Phenol should not be allowed to come into contact with the skin for it causes painful burns. The best antidote for phenol burns is a saturated solution of bromine in glycerine if all undi.ssolved bromine is allowed to settle out before the solution is used, there is no danger of bromine burns. Lime water may also be employed. 

Since iodine monochloride attacks cork and rubber, the use of an all-glass apparatus is recommended. If it should come into contact with the skin, an elective antidote is dilute hydrochloric acid (1 1). 

There is no specific antidote for acrolein exposure. Treatment of exposure should be directed at the control of symptoms and the clinical condition. Most of the harmful effects of acrolein result from its highly irritating and corrosive properties. 

Atropiae (41), isolated from the deadly nightshade Airopa belladonna L.) is the racemic form, as isolated, of (—)-hyoscyamine [which is not isolated, of course, from the same plant but is typically found ia solanaceous plants such as henbane (HyosQiamus mgerl. )]. Atropiae is used to dilate the pupil of the eye ia ocular inflammations and is available both as a parasympatholytic agent for relaxation of the intestinal tract and to suppress secretions of the saUvary, gastric, and respiratory tracts. In conjunction with other agents it is used as part of an antidote mixture for organophosphorus poisons (see Chemicals in war). 

StmcturaHy related to nitrofurantoias are Dantrolene [7261-97-4] (38), a peripherally acting muscle relaxant, and its analogues (39), which can be used as an antidote against succiaylcholine-iaduced myopathy and ia autoimmune myasthenia gravis therapy (136,137). 

Environmental. The A/-methylcarbamates generally are biodegradable and of low soil persistence with half-Hves for carbaryl and aldicarb of 1—2 weeks and of carbofuran of 1—4 months. Certain carbamates are highly toxic to birds with oral LD qS for mallard, eg, pheasant, in mg/kg carbofuran, 0.40, 4.2 mexacarbate, 3.0, 4.5 and methomyl, 16, 15 compared to carbaryl >2000. Fish toxicity of carbamates is generally low, but these compounds are extremely toxic to bees. In cases of human poisoning, atropine is a specific antidote. 

The anhydride of 1,8-naphthalenedicarboxyHc acid has fungicidal properties (97). This anhydride has been commercially introduced, under the trade name Protect, as a seed treatment (eg, for com) to prevent injury to the seed by thiocarbamate herbicides. The effectiveness of the antidote 1,8-naphthaHc anhydride has also been successfully studied with several plants and herbicides (98,99). 

Dialkylphosphorochloridates, (R0)2P(=0)C1, react with trialkyl phosphate esters to give organic pyrophosphates. Organopyrophosphates are anticholinesterase agents and should be handled with great caution (16). Atropine sulfate is a specific antidote. 

Pyridinecarbaldehydes. Pialidoxime iodide [51-15-0] (108), a derivative of 2-pyridinecaibaldehyde (109), is used as an antidote against... 

Other Uses. Other appHcations for sodium nitrite include the syntheses of saccharin [81-07-2] (see Sweeteners), synthetic caffeine [58-08-2] (22), fluoroaromatics (23), and other pharmaceuticals (qv), pesticides (qv), and organic substances as an inhibitor of polymerization (24) in the production of foam blowing agents (25) in removing H2S from natural gas (26) in textile dyeing (see Textiles) as an analytical reagent and as an antidote for cyanide poisoning (see Cyanides). 

The thiosulfate reaction with cyanide to give thiocyanate is the basis for the use of thiosulfate as an antidote in cyanide poisoning ... 

Minor and potential new uses include flue-gas desulfurization (44,45), silver-cleaning formulations (46), thermal-energy storage (47), cyanide antidote (48), cement additive (49), aluminum-etching solutions (50), removal of nitrogen dioxide from flue gas (51), concrete-set accelerator (52), stabilizer for acrylamide polymers (53), extreme pressure additives for lubricants (54), multiple-use heating pads (55), in soap and shampoo compositions (56), and as a flame retardant in polycarbonate compositions (57). Moreover, precious metals can be recovered from difficult ores using thiosulfates (58). Use of thiosulfates avoids the environmentally hazardous cyanides. 

Antagonism is appHed to a situation where two chemicals, given together, interfere with each other s action or where one interferes with the action of the other. The result will usually be a decrease in toxic injury. A special case of antagonism is in studies on antidotal action. 

Because of its extreme insolubiUty, barium sulfate is not toxic the usual antidote for poisonous barium compounds is to convert them to barium sulfate by administering sodium or magnesium sulfate. In medicine, barium sulfate is widely used as an x-ray contrast medium (see Imaging TECHNOLOGY X-RAY technology). It is also used in photographic papers, filler for plastics, and in concrete as a radiation shield. Commercially, barium sulfate is sold both as natural barite ore and as a precipitated product. Blanc fixe is also used in making white sidewall mbber tires or in other mbber appHcations. 

Treatment of chloroform poisoning is symptomatic no specific antidote is known. Adrenalin should not be given to a person suffering from chloroform poisoning. 

In most situations, adequate, usuaHy forced, ventilation is necessary to prevent excessive exposure. Persons who drink alcohol excessively or have Hver, kidney, or heart diseases should be excluded from any exposure to carbon tetrachloride. AH individuals regularly exposed to carbon tetrachloride should receive periodic examinations by a physician acquainted with the occupational hazard involved. These examinations should include special attention to the kidneys and the Hver. There is no known specific antidote for carbon tetrachloride poisoning. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Alcohol, oHs, fats, and epinephrine should not be given to any person who has been exposed to carbon tetrachloride. FoHowing exposure, the individual should be kept under observation long enough to permit the physician to determine whether Hver or kidney injury has occurred. Artificial dialysis may be necessary in cases of severe renal faHure. 

The earliest practical use of an expert system was made in the software named MYCIN for diagnosing a toxic poison from the symptoms of a patient and recommending the antidote (62). This type of activity is generally carried out by a human expert who processes information about a situation (in this case, symptoms of a patient), refers to the expert s experience and expert knowledge, and then recommends action (in this case, the antidote). 

Sulfur has long been known for its properties as a pesticide and a curative agent. Homer spoke of the pest-averting sulfur as far back as 800—1000 BC, Hippocrates (400 Bc) considered sulfur sa an antidote against plague, and Dioscorides (100 ad) used sulfur ointment in dermatology (244). In 1803, the use of a lime—sulfur protective treatment for fmit trees was reported, and in 1850 sulfur dust was used to protect foHage (245). In 1891 sulfur dust was used on soil to control onion smut (246). 

Enzymes as Antidotes. Rhodanese [9026-04-4] given along with thiosulfate to counteract cyanide poisoning in mice (224) was the first enzyme used as an antidote. This combination raised the LD q of potassium cyanide in mice by eightfold (224). 

Safety procedures for lockout, tank entry, hot work permits, and excavation written First aid and medical assistance available First-aid kits, blankets, stretchers, antidotes, and resusci-tators on hand... 

Mostly applicable to activities, e.g. reverse flow, chemical reaction. Can also be applied to substances, e.g. poison instead of antidote, D instead of L optical isomers... 

Ignore these if there are more serious ones Small amounts of water may be administered, more if the poison is coiTosive. Administer a specific antidote if one exists. Do not induce vomiting. 

---