Toxicology antidotes

The general chemistry, toxicology, antidotes, analysis, and methods of destmction for each of these componnds are presented in the following sections. Organophosphorns componnds that are not nsed as nerve gases but show comparable high toxicity are mentioned briefly. 

Some think that efforts should be made to simplify the nomenclature and to encourage industry to do proper toxicological research and supply methods for analysis before a new compound is submitted for registration. The study of antidotes should be encouraged. It is clear that research in the health hazards as well as the benefits of insecticides must be intensified and that the efforts of different laboratories should be better coordinated. Education of industry, of handlers and operators, of the medical and public health profession, and of the public must be advanced. 

Marrs, T.C. 1987. The choice of cyanide antidotes. Pages 383-401 in B. Ballantyne and T.C. Marrs (eds.). Clinical and Experimental Toxicology of Cyanides. Wright, Bristol. 

Niknahad H, O Brien PJ. 1996. Antidotal effect of dihydroxyacetone against cyanide toxicity in vivo. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 138 186-191. 

Tadic V. 1992. The in vivo effects of cyanide and its antidotes on rat brain cytochrome oxidase activity. Toxicology 76(l) 9-67. 

Toxicology is an interesting medical discipline. The principles of management are prevention, toxicovig-ilance and careful assessment of the clinical features of the poisoned patient, and providing timely and appropriate therapy. In most cases, these are symptomatic and supportive measures, on top of decontamination, elimination of the poison, and provision of specific antidotes. 

Toxicology The study of chemical substances which exert deleterious effects on living organisms, their chemistry in relation to their mode of action, antidotes, and physiological effects. 

The chemical and toxicologic characterization of the electrophilic nature of the reactive acetaminophen metabolite has led to the development of effective antidotes—cysteamine and /V-acetylcysteine. Administration of /V-acetylcysteine (the safer... 

Although the investigation of the mechanism underlying paracetamol hepatotoxicity has been of intrinsic toxicological interest, there has also been a particularly significant benefit that has arisen from this work. This is the development of an antidote that is now successfully used for the treatment of paracetamol overdose. The antidote now most commonly used is N-acetylcysteine, although methionine is also used in some cases, as it can be given orally. There are various mechanisms by which N-a cetyl cysteine may act ... 

As abuse of these mushrooms increases worldwide, more data is available on the serious side effects. In a 2000 Swiss Toxicological Information Center (STIC) study, researchers examined 161 acute Psilocybe mushroom exposures in which people intentionally ate magic mushrooms. The median age of the person seeking medical attention was 20 years (range 14—56). According to the researchers, Reasons for hospitalization were marked hallucinations, hyperexcitability, panic attacks, coma, and convulsions. As good trips turn bad and euphoria turns to fear and panic, there is no antidote or antitoxin that can make it go away. Thirty-one percent of the people in this study experienced panic attacks severe enough to seek medical attention. 

The origins of modem toxicology can be traced to M.J.B. Orfila (1787-1853), a Spaniard bom on the island of Minorca. In 1815 Orfila published a classic book,1 the first ever devoted to the harmful effects of chemicals on organisms. This work discussed many aspects of toxicology recognized as valid today. Included are the relationships between the demonstrated presence of a chemical in the body and observed symptoms of poisoning, mechanisms by which chemicals are eliminated from the body, and treatment of poisoning with antidotes. 

Ideally, any series of toxicological investigations should attempt to define the following the nature of the harmful effects, ie, the basic injury produced the incidence and severity of the effects as functions of the exposure dose the mechanisms by which the effects are produced, ie, the fundamental biological interactions and consequent biochemical and biophysical aberrations which are responsible for the initiation and maintenance of the toxic responses the detection of the effects, ie, the development of methodologies for the specific recognition and quantitation of the toxic effects and whether there is reversibility of the toxic injury. This may involve a determination of whether spontaneous resolution of injury, ie, healing, occurs after cessation of exposure, or if it is possible to induce reversibility of toxic injury by antidotal or other measures, ie, treatment. 

A. Picchioni and L, Chin, "The Antidotal Properties of a Super-Active Charcoal," presented at the Annual Meeting of American Association of Poison Centers-American Academy of Clinical Toxicology, Salt Lake City, August 5, 1981. (Being submitted for publication to the Journal of Clinical Toxicology.)... 

A knowledge of the science underlying toxicology is essential for the treatment of poisoning and necessary for the design of new antidotes. 

Feldwick, M.G., Noakes, P.S., Prause, U., Mead, R.J., Kostyniak, P.J. (1998). The biochemical toxicology of l,3-difluoro-2-propanol, the major ingredient of the pesticide gliftor the potential of 4-methylpyrazole as an antidote. J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol. 12 41-52. 

Van Heijst, A.N.P., Meredith, J.J. (1990). Antidotes for cyanide poisoning. In Basic Science in Toxicology (G.N. Volanis, J. Sims, F. Sullivan, P. Turner, eds), pp. 558-66. Taylor and Francis, Brighton, England. 

Kassa, J., Fusek, J. (1998). The positive influence of a cholinergic-anticholinergic pretreatment and antidotal treatment on rats poisoned with supralethal doses of soman. Toxicology 128 1-7. 

Kassa, J., Fusek, J. (2000). The influence of anticholinergic drug selection on the efficacy of antidotal treatment of soman poisoned rats. Toxicology 154 ... 

Eyer, P., Szinicz, L., Thiermann, H., Worek, F., Zilker, T. (2007). Testing of antidotes for organophosphoms compounds experimental procedures and clinical reality. Toxicology 233 108-19. 

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