Morphine, antidotes

Sodium permanganate (NaMnO ) is a purple crystal that is soluble in water and is used as an oxidizing agent, disinfectant, and bactericide and as an antidote for morphine poisoning. 

This drug has the same potency as morphine, but it is not addictive, as it is a narcotic antagonist. It is used successfully as an antidote for narcotic overdose and for the relief of severe pain. At doses of over 10 mg it is hallucinogenic (much like MDA) and can cause restlessness, excitability and hallucinations. 

Morphine antagonists and partial agonists. The effects of opioids can be abolished by the antagonists naloxone or naltrexone (A), irrespective of the receptor type involved. Given by itself, neither has any effect in normal subjects however, in opioid-dependent subjects, both precipitate acute withdrawal signs. Because of its rapid presystemic elimination, naloxone is only suitable for parenteral use. Naltrexone is metabolically more stable and is given orally. Naloxone is effective as antidote in the treatment of opioid-induced respiratory paralysis. Since it is more rapidly eliminated than most opioids, repeated doses may be needed. Naltrexone may be used as an adjunct in withdrawal therapy. 

For the treatment of poisoning, a selective antidote (which antagonises the action) may be given e.g., nalorphine and naloxone in case of morphine poisoning, atropine in case of anticholinergic drugs, dimercaprol in mercury and penicillamine in lead poisoning, etc. 

Systemic antidotes They produce the action which are opposite to that of poison e.g. caffeine for morphine and atropine for pilocarpine. 

Receptor interactions are those where two chemicals both interact with the same receptor to change (usually decrease) the toxic effect of the combination. For example, naloxone binds to the same receptor as morphine and other opiates and so can be used as an antidote to excessive doses of opiates (antagonism). In other cases, such as when two organo phosphates are used together, both acting on acetylcholinesterase, the combined effect would be as expected (additive). 

Piminodine (Alvodine ), ethyl-4-phenyl-l-(3-phenylaminopropyl)piperidine-4-carboxylate ethanesulfonate, is reputed to be equal to morphine in analgesic potency, but relatively free of the latter s narcotizing action. It is administered in doses of 25 to 50 mg orally every 4 to 6 h, or in doses of 10 to 20 mg subcutaneously or intramuscularly every 4 h as needed. Piminodine is habit forming, requires a narcotic prescription, and should be used with the same precautions as other members of this group. Levallorphan tartrate, nalorphine, naloxone, or naltrexone are antidotes to it. 

Nalorphine (11 N-allylnormorphine Fig. 11.4) [31] was found to antagonize the properties of morphine, and was utilized as an antidote for morphine poisoning,... 

Henbane has from 12-15 species, mostly native to the Mediterranean. Black henbane is the one that is used mainly for drags, its principal alkaloid beit hyoscy-amine. It is a small annual or perennial with hairy, coarsely lobed leaves with an unpleasant odor. It is used as a pain reliever for spasms and as a sedative. Henbane is also sometimes used as an antidote to meicuiy poisoning and in the treatment of morphine addiction. 

Use Oxidizing agent disinfectant bactericide manufacture of saccharin antidote for poisoning by morphine, curare, and phosphorus. 

Children are generally more sensitive than adults (codeine should not be given to children less than Vi year old). The main risk of poisoning is the CNS-effect and respiratory depression, which can come late (especially for ethyl-morphine). An effective antidote is Naloxone (Narcan) ... 

The gas used was stated by the Russian Health Minister to be a derivative of fentanyl, an opiate chemical related to morphine,59 perhaps mixed with other agents (Van Damme, 2002). Reports suggesting that atropine, an antidote to anticholinergic nerve agents, did not reverse the effects of the gas whereas naloxone, an antidote... 

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