Poisoning organophosphorus

Atropiae (41), isolated from the deadly nightshade Airopa belladonna L.) is the racemic form, as isolated, of (—)-hyoscyamine [which is not isolated, of course, from the same plant but is typically found ia solanaceous plants such as henbane (HyosQiamus mgerl. )]. Atropiae is used to dilate the pupil of the eye ia ocular inflammations and is available both as a parasympatholytic agent for relaxation of the intestinal tract and to suppress secretions of the saUvary, gastric, and respiratory tracts. In conjunction with other agents it is used as part of an antidote mixture for organophosphorus poisons (see Chemicals in war). 

De Bleecker J, Van Den Neucker K, Colard5m F. 1993. Intermediate syndrome in organophosphorus poisoning A prospective study. Crit Care Med 21 1706-1711. 

When compared to control stream, no effect on total abundance of benthic organisms. However, in both treated streams, species diversity decreased by equal amounts and was still decreasing at day 100. Adverse sublethal effects were noted in fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas (spinal deformities) and bluegills (cholinesterase inhibition, signs of organophosphorus poisoning) only in the pulse-dosed stream. In all streams, however, fish survived, grew, and reproduced equally well (Eaton et al. 1985)... 

Robinson CP, Smith PW, Endecott BR. 1978. Depression of cholinesterase activity by ethylestrenol in organophosphorus-poisoned and normal rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 44 207-211. 

D. E. Heath, Organophosphorus Poisons, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1961. 

Cherian A.M, Peter JV, Johnson S et al. Effectiveness of P2AM (PAM - Pralidoxime in the treatment of organophosphorus poisoning (OPP) a randomized double blind placebo controlled clinical trial. JAPI 1997 45 22-4. 

O Leary, J.F., Kunkel, A.M., Jones, A.H. 1961. Efficacy and limitations of oxime-atropine treatment of organophosphorus poisoning. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. 132 50-56. 

Cholinolytlcs In the treatment of anticholinesterase poisoning. IV. The effectiveness of selected cholinolytic drug combinations and oximes In the treatment of organophosphorus poisoning In rodents. DCBRL Report 456. 

Creasey, N.H., Green, A.L. 1959. 2-Hydroxyiminomethyl-N-methyl- pyridinium methanesulphonate (P2S), an antidote to organophosphorus poisoning. Its preparation, estimation, and stability. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 11 485-490. 

Rochu D, Chabiiere E et al (2007) Human paraoxonase A promising approach for pretreatment and therapy of organophosphorus poisoning. Toxicology 233(l-3) 47-59... 

A second class of compounds, capable of regenerating active enzyme from the organophosphorus-cholinesterase complex, is also available to treat organophosphorus poisoning. These oxime agents include pralidoxime (PAM), diacetylmonoxime (DAM), and others. 

Figure 5.2. Hydrolysis reactions, hapten, and organophosphorus poisoning compound structures (Vayron et al., 2000). Reproduced with permission...

ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES There are no simple direct chemical tests for organophosphorus compounds. The toxic effects e usually associated with depression of the cholinesterase activity of the body, and measurement of the plasma or serum cholinesterase can be used, therefore, as an indication of organophosphorus poisoning. 

Alkyl phosphorus compounds can be detected in serum by performing the cholinesterase determination on (a) a sample of normal serum, (b) the test serum, and (c) 10 p, of normal serum + 20 ul of test serum. If a low value is obtained from (b), this could be due to a low cholinesterase from liver disease or other causes. A value for (c) which is lower than the sum of the results from (a) and (b) indicates the presence of an inhibitor. Usually, in organophosphorus poisoning, the result from (c) is lower than that from (a). 

Dalvi, C.P., Abraham, P.P., Iyer, S.S. (1986). Correlation of electrocardiographic changes with prognosis in organophosphorus poisoning. J. Postgrad. Med. 32 115-19. 

Rochu, D., Chabriere, E., Masson, P (2007). Human paraoxonase a promising approach for pre-treatment and therapy of organophosphorus poisoning. Toxicology 233 47-59. 

Biomarkers of Exposure to Organophosphorus Poisons A New Motif for Covalent Binding to Tyrosine in Proteins that have No Active Site Serine... 

Heath, D.F. (1961). Organophosphorus poisons. Anticholinesterases and related compounds. In Modem Trends in Physiological Sciences (P. Alexander, Z.M. Bacq, eds). Pergamon Press, Oxford. 

Cowan, F.M., Shih, T.M., Lenz, D.E., Madsen, J.M., Broomfield, C.A. (1996). Hypothesis for synergistic toxicity of organophosphorus poisoning-induced cholinergic crisis and anaphylactoid reactions. J. Appl. Toxicol. 16 25-33. 

Antonijevic, B., Stojiljkovic, M.P. (2007). Unequal efficacy of pyridinium oximes in acute organophosphorus poisoning. Clin. Med. Res. 5 71-8. 

Eddleston, M., Singh, S., Buckley, N. (2006). Organophosphorus poisoning (acute). Clin. Evid. 15 1-13. 

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