Antidotic agents

Antidotic agents presently used in poisoning with organophosphorus substances are aimed at blocking the cholinergic effects resulted from a rise in ACh level as well as lowering its concentration in synapses. 

In different years, Russian toxicologists implemented into practice antidotic agents for medical aid to those affected with high toxic... 

Cyanide toxicosis progresses so rapidly that treatment is rarely administered to animals in time. If the animal is still alive but in respiratory distress or a coma, antidotal agents may still be fife saving. The classic treatment for cyanide... 

In different years, Russian toxicologists implemented into practice antidotic agents for medical aid to those affected with high toxic organophosphorus poisonous substance (PS), such as aphin, dipiroxime, budaxim. The studies have been completed on development and implementation into industrial production of an antidote for self-care and mutual aid, pelixime, as well as a ChR, carboxime (l-4-methyl-5-[21-(benzyl dimethyl ammonium) ethyl]) carbamoilpyridinium-2-aldoxime dichloride [88, 89],... 

Brumas V, Hacht B, Filella M, et al. 1992. Can N-acetyl-L-cysteine affect zinc metabolism when used as a paracetamol antidote. Agents Actions 36(3-4) 278-288. 

Contamination of atomic-energy workers by plutonium must be treated promptly, because the radioactivity can destroy the capillaries that are distributing the antidote. Agents that remove iron, usually remove plutonium, and deferoxamine 11.9) is recommended. A useful supplement is diethylene-triaminepenta-acetic acid (DTPA) (Smith, Chapman and Marlow, 1969). Both substances are given parenterally. 

Ganguly et al. analyzed the reaction of the sarin- [64] and VX-inhibited AChE [65] with nucleophiles by means of DFT [B3LYP/6-311G(d,p)] calculations. The hydroxylamine anion turned out to be more efficient in the reactivation process than other nucleophiles, for instance formoximate anion, and can be used as a good antidote agent against sarin and VX. 

Atropiae (41), isolated from the deadly nightshade Airopa belladonna L.) is the racemic form, as isolated, of (—)-hyoscyamine [which is not isolated, of course, from the same plant but is typically found ia solanaceous plants such as henbane (HyosQiamus mgerl. )]. Atropiae is used to dilate the pupil of the eye ia ocular inflammations and is available both as a parasympatholytic agent for relaxation of the intestinal tract and to suppress secretions of the saUvary, gastric, and respiratory tracts. In conjunction with other agents it is used as part of an antidote mixture for organophosphorus poisons (see Chemicals in war). 

Dialkylphosphorochloridates, (R0)2P(=0)C1, react with trialkyl phosphate esters to give organic pyrophosphates. Organopyrophosphates are anticholinesterase agents and should be handled with great caution (16). Atropine sulfate is a specific antidote. 

Other Uses. Other appHcations for sodium nitrite include the syntheses of saccharin [81-07-2] (see Sweeteners), synthetic caffeine [58-08-2] (22), fluoroaromatics (23), and other pharmaceuticals (qv), pesticides (qv), and organic substances as an inhibitor of polymerization (24) in the production of foam blowing agents (25) in removing H2S from natural gas (26) in textile dyeing (see Textiles) as an analytical reagent and as an antidote for cyanide poisoning (see Cyanides). 

Sulfur has long been known for its properties as a pesticide and a curative agent. Homer spoke of the pest-averting sulfur as far back as 800—1000 BC, Hippocrates (400 Bc) considered sulfur sa an antidote against plague, and Dioscorides (100 ad) used sulfur ointment in dermatology (244). In 1803, the use of a lime—sulfur protective treatment for fmit trees was reported, and in 1850 sulfur dust was used to protect foHage (245). In 1891 sulfur dust was used on soil to control onion smut (246). 

The direct injection of potent vasodilatory agents such as papaverine or isosor-bide dinitrate, into the ventricles of the heart reverses the action of palytoxin in approximately one-half of the animals. These extreme measures are required because palytoxin kills quickly. Antidotes injected into the venous circulation were not able to reach the heart because the stagnation of venous blood occurs so rapidly that antidotes are simply pooled on the venous side of the circulation and never reach the heart. In these studies isosorbide dinitrate appeared to be approximately twice as effective as papaverine in reversing the toxic effects of palytoxin. 

Therapeutic modalities to treat extravasation events consist of specific antidotes to halt or decrease the severity of local tissue necrosis. It should be noted that only one-third of extravasation events will lead to local tissue necrosis, and most studies of antidotes are in animal models or isolated case reports. Antidotes either disperse or bind the chemotherapy agent and accelerate the removal of the agent from the tissues. Specific antidotes and their uses are presented in Table 96-16. 

The antidote of choice for mechlorethamine extravasations is sodium thiosulfate. This agent binds alkylating agents, resulting in neutralization to inactive compounds that are then excreted. Sodium thiosulfate also may be effective for high-concentration cisplatin or dacarbazine extravasations. 

Inhalation Hold breath and don respiratory protection mask administer immediately, in rapid succession, all three Nerve Agent Antidote Kits, Mark I injectors if severe signs of agent exposure appear use mouth-to-mouth resuscitation when approved mask-bag or oxygen delivery systems are... 

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