Human experts

Definition / An expert system is a computer program that manipulates large amounts of symboHc knowledge using quaUtative techniques, to solve problems that can otherwise be solved only by expert human problem solvers. Expert systems capture the human problem solver s expertise in the form of domain-specific knowledge and domain-independent problem-solving strategies. 

Definition 2 is phrased in terms of knowledge-based systems rather than expert systems. No reference is made to expert human problem solvers. Definition 2 captures the sense that the representation and manipulation of knowledge is the source of such a system s power, whether or not that knowledge is dkecdy eHcited from a human expert. 

Selection of a conceptual model. As the first step in modeling, it is necessary to decide what kind of a conceptual model to try. For an enzyme this includes a choice of mechanism and an indication of the numerical values that go with it (determination of the best values comes later). Probably this will be better done by an expert human than by a program for some time. Examples of rules (domain knowledge) for enzyme kinetics which are applicable (regardless of the methods of calculation used) are ... 

In addition to automated functional annotation of putative 5-HT receptor sequences, determination of open reading frames (ORFs), start codons, and intron/exon boundaries from genomic sequences is now also automated. The absence of expert human curation in such automated annotation can potentially lead to the presence of incorrect sequence data in the databases that has arisen from misidentification of ORFs, start codons, and intron/exon boundaries in raw genomic sequences. For example, the sequences of several chimpanzee 5-HT receptors have recently been added to the GenBank databases, but the sequences given for these receptors indicate that one or several of the seven transmembrane (TM) helices are not present in the sequence, although... 

Confidence in the validity of a toxicophore is much greater if there is a mechanistic rationale to explain its association with an endpoint, which hangs on expert human consideration. But, setting that aside, discovering toxico-... 

Peak Number Plots for groups of compounds judged by expert human observers to have a fair degree of odorous similarity are shown in Figures 3, 4, and 5. Figure 5 includes the Plot for fifteen compounds whose odors are not related. These were compounds selected in 1966 by a Committee headed by Dr. L. M. Beidler as standard odor stimuli recommended for use in olfactory research (10). Their names and descriptions are shown in Table III. It is noticeable that in the absence of a common odor there is very little tendency to deviate from the expected mean frequency. 

In conclusion, labelling should be performed in line with a module s requirements. Intuitive labelling is a useful and accurate method of labelling training data for modules. Analytical labelling is often best performed by computer, and in many cases can be avoided altogether by the use of hidden variables in a module. Analytical labelling by expert human labellers is best avoided if at all possible. 

Operation of SSF does not need highly trained and expert human power due to ease... 

Quantum chemists were not only apt users of the new instruments but also played a role themselves both in developing hardware and software and in producing special codes for the numerical calculations of molecular quantities. They had previously enrolled expert "human computers" for their calculations now they became themselves computer wizards. Computers and these laboratories emerged simultaneously and reshaped the culture of quantum chemistry. 

---