Antidote alcohol

In most situations, adequate, usuaHy forced, ventilation is necessary to prevent excessive exposure. Persons who drink alcohol excessively or have Hver, kidney, or heart diseases should be excluded from any exposure to carbon tetrachloride. AH individuals regularly exposed to carbon tetrachloride should receive periodic examinations by a physician acquainted with the occupational hazard involved. These examinations should include special attention to the kidneys and the Hver. There is no known specific antidote for carbon tetrachloride poisoning. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Alcohol, oHs, fats, and epinephrine should not be given to any person who has been exposed to carbon tetrachloride. FoHowing exposure, the individual should be kept under observation long enough to permit the physician to determine whether Hver or kidney injury has occurred. Artificial dialysis may be necessary in cases of severe renal faHure. 

Methanol is also formed as a byproduct when charcoal is made by heating wood in the absence of air. For this reason, it is sometimes called wood alcohol. Methanol is used in jet fuels and as a solvent, gasoline additive, and starting material for several industrial syntheses. It is a deadly poison ingestion of as little as 25 mL can be fatal. The antidote in this case is a solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate, NaHC03. 

In rabbits under light amytal anesthesia, chlordan has no direcr effect on the blood pressure, but produces a type of respiration having many characteristics in common with Cheyne-Stokes type. The generalized tremors, opisthotonus, tonic and clonic convulsions, produced by chlordan were decreased or abolished and respiration restored to normal by suitable injections of the sodium salts of amytal, phenobarbital, and pentothal. The LD60 of chlordan, which was about 20 mg. per kg. on intravenous administration to intact rabbits, was increased to about 60 mg. per kg. through the antidotal action of the barbiturates. An unidentified chlorine-containing degradation product with acidic properties was recovered from the urine of rabbits treated with chlordan. Approximately one third of its chlorine content was set free on hydrolysis at 100° C. with sodium hydroxide in either absolute alcohol or in water. 

Intraperitoneal injection of 4-methylpyrazole to rats at 90 mg/kg BW, given 2 h prior to 1080 administration, offered partial protection against accumulations of citrate or fluorocitrate in the kidney (Feldwick et al. 1994). The antidotal effects of 4-methylpyrazole are attributed to its inhibition of NAD+-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase that converts l,3-difluoro-2-propanol to difluoro-acetone, an intermediate in the pathway of erythrofluorocitrate metabolism (Feldwick et al. 1994). A disadvantage of 4-methylpyrazole is that it needs to be administered before significant exposure to fluoroacetate. 

Potential Uses of These Polymers. We have studied the phenyl isocyanate modification of poly(vinyl alcohol) as a model system. Many uses exist for carbamates as medicines, pesticides and herbicides (67,68). For example, ethyl carbamate has been used to treat leukemia and multiple myeloma. Ethyl carbamate has also been used as an antidote for central nervous system poisoning by strychnine. The tranquilizer Meprobamate is a carbamate derivitive. Numerous pesticides and herbicides, such as Sevin and Propham, are also carbamate derivatives. Propham is isopropyl N-phenylcarbamate which bears a strong resemblence to the polymers of Equation 21, and this compound is used as a preemergence herbicide. Numerous other close analogs could be cited also. We might note also that the N-phenyl carbamoyl unit bears... 

For more than 25 years, TCAs were one of the leading causes of drug-related deaths, exceeded only by alcohol-drug combinations and heroin (427). The risk of fatality resulting from a TCA overdose has severely limited their use now that newer, safer antidepressants are available. Nevertheless, overdoses of these medications still occur. There is still no simple antidote for a TCA overdose. A TCA overdose produces a characteristic clinical picture consisting of the following ... 

Metabolism of ethylene glycol and methanol to their toxic products can be blocked by inhibiting the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase with a competing drug, such as fomepizole (4-methylpyrazole). Ethanol is also an effective antidote, but it can be difficult to achieve a safe and effective blood level. 

Milk thistle has been used to treat acute and chronic viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, and toxin-induced liver injury in human patients. Milk thistle has most often been studied in the treatment of alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis. In both of these disorders, outcomes have been mixed and reports include significant reductions in markers of liver dysfunction and in mortality, as well as no effect. In acute viral hepatitis, studies have generally involved small sample sizes and have shown mixed outcomes of improved liver function (eg, aminotransferase values, bilirubin, prothrombin time) or no effect. Studies in chronic viral hepatitis and toxin-induced injury have also been of small size but have reported mostly favorable results. Parenteral silybin is marketed and used in Europe as an antidote in Amanitaphalloides mushroom poisoning, based on favorable outcomes reported in case-control studies. 

A chronic alcoholic requires a much larger dose of ethanol as an antidote to methanol poisoning than does a nonalcoholic patient. Suggest a reason why a larger dose of the competitive inhibitor is required for an alcoholic. 

Although methylated spirits, or meths , is a mixture of ethyl alcohol (the alcohol we normally drink in beer, wine, and spirits) and methyl alcohol, it is not normally a serious hazard in terms of accidental poisoning. This is because the presence of the ethyl alcohol acts as an antidote it reduces the conversion of the methyl alcohol into the toxic substances that would otherwise cause poisoning. However, the regular use of meths as a substitute for alcohol, for example by down and outs and alcohohcs, wiU lead to serious damage. 

Thus alcohol can be a type of food, a medicine, an antidote for poisoning (see pp. 195-7), and also a poison itself, and an apt illustration of the principle of Paracelsus AH substances are poisons, there is none that is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison from a remedy Is there are safe level of drinking Is there a non-toxic dose It is possible to give only an approximate value because individuals vary and, as we saw earlier, so do alcoholic drinks. Most people don t measure the exact amount of alcohol they consume each day or week, and there needs to be some allowance for variation. 

Amyl Nitrite. U5P. Amyl nitrite, i.sopentyl nitrite (CH])jCHCH2CH20N0]. is a mixture of isomeric amyl nitrites but is principally i.soamyl nitrite. It may be prepared from amyl alcohol and nitrous acid by several procerlures. Usually, amyl nitrite is dispensed in ampul form and u.scd by inhalation or orally in alcohol solution. Currently, it is recommended for treating cyanide poisoning although not the be.st antidote, it does not require intravenous injections. 

Large epidemics of methanol poisoning have resulted from it being substituted for ethanol in Moonshine (illegally produced drinking alcohol). Recently, a new antidote, fomepizole, has been approved for use in the United States. 

Indications Reversal of opioid depression, alcohol dependence, pathological gambling, pruritus of cholestasis Category Antidote Opioid antagonist Half-life 10.8 Hours... 

Antidotes to phenol. Isopropanol (isopropyl alcohol) and polyethylene glycol seem to be the most effective local antidotes, both histologically and because they slow down blood penetration. Immediately rinsing the area of skin that has come into contact with the phenol with plenty of water gets rid of some of the toxin and prevents precipitation of some of the epidermal proteins. 

A chronic alcoholic has induced more ADH enzyme to be present to handle large amounts of imbibed ethanol, so requires more ethanol "antidote" molecules to act as a competitive inhibitor to "tie up" the extra enzyme molecules. 

The treatment of methanol poisoning involves firstly the administration of an antidote, ethanol, which blocks metabolism. Ethanol competes with methanol for alcohol dehydrogenase as the enzyme has a greater affinity for ethanol. Methanol metabolism can be reduced by as much as 90% by an equimolar dose of ethanol and the half-life becomes extended to 46 h. 4-Methylpyrazole, which also binds to alcohol dehydrogenase, has been used successfully in monkeys to treat methanol poisoning, as has folic acid. 

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