Success studies

The anhydride of 1,8-naphthalenedicarboxyHc acid has fungicidal properties (97). This anhydride has been commercially introduced, under the trade name Protect, as a seed treatment (eg, for com) to prevent injury to the seed by thiocarbamate herbicides. The effectiveness of the antidote 1,8-naphthaHc anhydride has also been successfully studied with several plants and herbicides (98,99). 

The hrst successful study which clarihed the mechanism of roasting, was a study of the oxidation of pyrite, FeSa, which is not a typical industrial process because of the availability of oxide iron ores. The experiment does, however, show die main features of roasting reactions in a simplihed way which is well supported by the necessaty thermodynamic data. The Gibbs energy data for the two sulphides of iron are,... 

XRD offers unparalleled accuracy in the measurement of atomic spacings and is the technique of choice for determining strain states in thin films. XRD is noncontact and nondestructive, which makes it ideal for in situ studies. The intensities measured with XRD can provide quantitative, accurate information on the atomic arrangements at interfaces (e.g., in multilayers). Materials composed of any element can be successfully studied with XRD, but XRD is most sensitive to high-Z elements, since the diffracted intensity from these is much lar r than from low-Z elements. As a consequence, the sensitivity of XRD depends on the material of interest. With lab-based equipment, surface sensitivities down to a thickness of -50 A are achievable, but synchrotron radiation (because of its higher intensity)... 

Although the above-mentioned electrocyclization reactions were well studied prior to the discovery of the endiandric acids, their utilization in the total synthesis of complex molecules had not been demonstrated. The endiandric acids, therefore, offered an irresistible opportunity to explore the utility of electrocyclization reactions in synthesis. The successful studies disclosed below demonstrate that these reactions can provide concise solutions to the challenge presented by complex polycyclic frameworks. 

H NMR spectroscopy frequently has been used in kinetic studies, for example, in the isomerization of 2,4,6-triphenyl-4//-thiopyran 56 (R= Ph) to its 2//-isomer 60 (R = H, 81JHC1517). l25Te NMR spectra were also measured for 4//-teluropyran 77 and related compounds (88MI1). Oxo-enol tautomerism of 4-hydroxy-2//-thiopyrans llOa-c in the solid state as well as in CDC13 solution was successfully studied by l3C NMR [86JCS(P2) 1887]. 

The number of sites needed for a successful study often depends on specific site characteristics such as the following ... 

Volunteers for a worker exposure or re-entry study should be selected with care and with confidentiality. The volunteer s privacy and also respect for the volunteer should be kept in mind during the field phase of the study. With all worker exposure/re-entry studies, the worker volunteer is the key to a successful study. 

A comprehensive study of the complex interfacial processes involved in the solvent extraction of cupric ion by oxime ligands represents one of the most detailed and successful studies carried out with the RDC [37,38]. Recently, the technique was also used to study the transfer of tetrabutylammonium cations [43] and the kinetics of partitioning of compounds between octanol and water [44]. In the latter study, Fisk and coworkers investigated the rates of partitioning of 23 compounds from octanol to an aqueous phase. The RDC arrangement used most frequently in this work is of the o/o/w type. So according to Eq. (15), and can be calculated from the gradient and intercept of... 

The two meta-analyses of long-term efficacy trials were limited to data that had been previously published, as are most metaanalyses. Nevertheless, the differences between drug and placebo were clinically insignificant. We can only wonder whether there are also some unpublished long-term trials that the pharmaceutical industry has sponsored, and if so, what the results were. There is one thing of which we can be fairly certain. Unpublished trials, where they exist, do not show any better results than the published trials. We can be certain of this because drug companies publish their successful studies, often many times over. It is the unsuccessful trials that remain unpublished. 

The successful study of intermediates not only provides one or more signposts which help define the detailed pathway traversed by a reaction, the intermediates themselves may also provide inferential evidence about the transition states for which they are often taken as models (cf. p. 41). 

Related work is dedicated to compounds with (L)AuC=C-functions attached to crown ether and cryptand-type units, following the idea that the luminescence properties of the chromophores will be influenced by complexation of cations in the polyether groups.87 Scheme 15 presents two examples of the devices probed in these highly successful studies. 

The set of the reaction-diffusion equations (78) can be solved by different methods, including bifurcation analysis [185,189-191], cellular automata simulations [192,193], or numerical integration [194—197], Recently, two-dimensional Turing structures were also successfully studied by Mecke [198,199] within the framework of integral geometry. In his works he demonstrated that using morphological measures of patterns facilitates their classification and makes possible to describe the pattern transitions quantitatively. 

The interaction between drug compounds and excipients, as these influence drug dissolution, can be successfully studied by means of reflectance spectroscopy. In one study concerning probucol and indomethacin, it was deduced that hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces determined the physisorption between the active and the excipients in several model formulations [36]. Chemisorption forces were found to play only minor roles in these interactions. These studies indicated that surface catalytic effects could be important during the selection of formulation excipients. 

The peroxide theory of Bach [20] and Engler [23] fixed the phenomenon of peroxide formation as the primary product of hydrocarbon oxidation by dioxygen. However, the problem of the mechanism of peroxide formation remained unsolved. The new stage of successful study of organic compound oxidation began after the discovery of free radicals as active intermediates of many chemical processes. 

An understanding of the recognition of chirality at a molecular level has become of interest in many fields of chemistry and biology. In the past decade, many attempts to clarify the mechanism of chiral recognition on CSPs for liquid chromatography have been made by means of chromatography, NMR spectroscopy,199 202 X-ray analysis, and computational methods.203 - 206 The successful studies have been mostly carried out for the small-molecule CSPs, especially cyclodextrin-based CSPs and Pirkle-type (brush-type) CSPs. In contrast, only a few mechanistic studies on chiral discrimination at the molecular... 

The use of ionic liquids has been successfully studied in many transition metal-catalyzed hydrogenation reactions, ranging from simple alkene hydrogenation to asymmetric examples. To date, almost all applications have included procedures of multiphase catalysis with the transition-metal complex being immobilized in the ionic liquid by its ionic nature or by means of an ionic (or highly polar) ligand. 

Clutton-Brock, T.H. (1988) Reproductive Success. In T.H. Clutton-Brock (Eds.), Reproductive success studies of individual variation in contrasting breeding systems. Chicago University Press, Chicago, pp. 472-485. 

A powerful characterization of electrode surfaces can be achieved by the combined radiochemistry and electrochemistry procedures with polycrystalline materials many measurements of this type have been reported (18,20,21). A successful study of adsorption at well-defined surfaces has recently been conducted in our laboratory and it is reported below (22,23). 

In summary, it is clear from the above-discussed aspects that it was possible by multinuclear NMR (oxygen-17, nitrogen-15, carbon-13, and technetium-99) to successfully study the very slow cyanide exchange and the slow intermolecular oxygen exchange in these oxocy-ano complexes and correlate them both with the proton-transfer kinetics. Furthermore, the interdependence between the proton transfer and the actual dynamic inversion of the metal center was clearly demonstrated. 

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