Antidotes essential

Methotrexate (MTX, chemical structure shown in Fig. 1.) competitively inhibits the dehyrofolate reductase, an enzyme that plays an essential role in purine synthesis. The dehydrofolate reductase regenerates reduced folates when thymidine monophosphate is formed from deoxyuridine monophosphate. Without reduced folates cells are unable to synthesize thymine. Administration of N-5 tetrahydrofolate or N-5 formyl-tetrahydrofolate (folinic acid) can bypass this block and rescue cells from methotrexate activity by serving as antidote. 

An essential role is given to provision with medical protection means (individual degassing packs, antidotes, gas-masks, skin remedies) for all exposed people, since their shortage often results in troubles, panic, affective manifestations, etc. 

In developing countries that lack adequate facilities for intensive therapy of poisoned people, antidotes may be more essential in the prevention and treatment of poisoning. But availability of antidotes is different from one country to another. In developing countries, physicians reported difficulties in obtaining even common antidotes. Even in industrialized countries, could be noticed administrative difficulties and the lack of suitable drugs (pharmaceutical formulation, concentration etc.). 

Medical Management There is no known antidote for mustard exposure, and the process of cellular destruction is irreversible. It is essential to remove the mustard agent as quickly as possible. Vesicants rapidly penetrate the skin causing both localized cellular damage and systemic damage. The deadly nature of such agents effect is that a person... 

Nerve agent intoxication requires rapid decontamination to prevent further absorption by the patient and to prevent exposure to others, ventilation when necessary, administration of antidotes, as well as supportive therapy. Skin decontamination is not necessary with exposure to vapor alone, but clothing should be removed to get rid of any trapped vapor. With nerve agents, there can be high airway resistance due to bronchoconstric-tion and secretions, and initial ventilation is often difficult. The restriction will decrease with atropine administration. Copious secretions which maybe thickened by atropine also impede ventilatory actions and will require frequent suctioning. For inhalation exposure to nerve agents, ventilation support is essential. 

Drug design for the treatment of toxins is a discipline that is probably still in its infancy. We continue to introduce new chemicals into our environment someday we will be confronted with the health issues that will arise. Currently, antidotes are essentially... 

Aspidium falcatum Sw. (Syn. Dryopteris crassirhizoma) Guan Zhong (Wood fem) (whole plant) Filicic acid, tannins, essential oil.49 This herb is slightly toxic. Anthelmintic, hemostatic, antidote. 

Centipeda minima (L.) A. Braun, et Ascherison Shi Wu Tou (Centipeda) (whole plant) Essential oil, myriogynine, alkaloids, glycosides, saponin.60 Antidotal, treat conjunctivitis, piles, malaria. 

Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk. C. difformis L. C. glomeratus L. C. iria L. Sha Cao (rhizome) Allelopathic essential oils, terpenes, alpha-cyperone, beta-selinene, alpha-humulene.60197 198 A vermifuge, antidote, remedy for dysentery, alleviate stress, sedative. 

Patrinia scabiosaefolia Fisch ex Link. Ye Huang Hua or Bai Jiang Cao (leaf) Essential oils, patrinoside, isopatrinene.33-50 Antidote, astringent, anodyne. Treat insomnia caused by neurasthenia or acute infections. 

Thlaspi arvense L. Jin Moa (Field pennycress) (aerial part) Sinigrin, fatty acids, essential oil, myrocin, myrosinase.48 For ophthalmia, lumbago, an antidote, antipyretic, improves circulation, diaphoretic. 

An understanding of the mechanism of toxicity of a chemical is essential for a proper assessment of risk and can lead to the development of antidotes. There are no harmless chemicals, only harmless ways of using them. 

Supportive treatment is an essential component of the management of the intoxicated patient. Monitoring and assessment of all organ systems in conjunction with the use of appropriate pharmaceutical agents/antidotes increases therapeutic success. The nature of this care will depend on the toxicant in question and the patient s condition upon presentation. 

This TTA is an injectable core medicine listed in the World Health Organization s (WHO) Model list of essential medicines [41], Atropine (Fig. 1) acts as a competitive MR antagonists used clinically as, e.g. parasympatholytic for pre-anaesthesia medication, ophthalmologic procedures and as antidote for the therapy of anticholinesterase poisoning [42,43], A corresponding PK study in man monitoring atropine as antidote by LC-MS/MS is referred in this chapter [44],... 

Supportive treatment is essential, and stomach wash and multiple doses of charcoal may be used. Acetylcysteine or methionine can be given to prevent absorption of charcoal. Antidote treatment must be started after suspected paracetamol ingestion and continued depending on blood levels of paracetamol. Appropriate care must be taken in patients receiving enzyme-inducing drugs.79,80... 

CWC-related chemicals must be handled with great care. Persons handling toxic chemicals must be specially trained for the work. When toxic samples are handled, decontamination solution, protective masks, and autoinjectors of nerve agent antidotes must always be available, and no one must ever work alone. Individual protective gear such as laboratory coats, chemically resistant protective gloves, and safety goggles are essential during sample preparation. Toxic samples must always be prepared in a fume cupboard. 

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