Pharmacologic antidotes

Drug Application of Heating or Cooling Pharmacologic Antidote Dose Comments... 

Evaluate the patient for allergies and adverse effects of pharmacologic antidotes. 

Trujillo MH, Guerrero J, Fragachan C, Fernandez MA. Pharmacologic antidotes in critical care medicine A practical guide for drug administration. Crit Care Med 1998 26 377-391. 

The ability of calcium channel antagonists to induce afferent arteriole vasodilation makes this class of drugs as a very suitable pharmacological antidote against CsA acute vascular effects [242]. Indeed, several studies showed improvement in renal hemodynamics and/or function when different calcium antagonists like vera-... 

The roots are used as an astringent, resolving anodyne and antidotal. It is also used to heal abscesses, assuage postpartum pain, and remove parasites from the skin. The plant was mentioned by Schimmel in the American Journal of Pharmacy in 1889. Clinical observation and pharmacological investigation of the sedative and hypnotic effects of the Chinese drug rhizome and root of Patrinia scabiosaefolia are discussed by Luo (43). 

Pharmacological approaches to finding antidotes for cyanide are also under investigation. Maduh et al. (1995) examined the effects of a protein kinase C inhibitor, l-5-(isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2 methylpiperazine (H-7), on cellular energy depletion caused by sodium cyanide. They reported that H-7 partially prevented cellular energy depletion and increased the number of surviving cells. 

Niknahad H, O Brien PJ. 1996. Antidotal effect of dihydroxyacetone against cyanide toxicity in vivo. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 138 186-191. 

Obidoxime is an antidote used to treat poisoning with insecticides of the organophosphate type (p. 102). Phosphorylation of acetylcholinesterase causes an irreversible inhibition of ace-Ltillmann, Color Atlas of Pharmacology 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. 

Pharmacology Leucovorin is one of several active, chemically reduced derivatives of folic acid. It is useful as an antidote to drugs that act as folic acid antagonists. Administration of leucovorin can counteract the therapeutic and toxic effects of folic acid antagonists such as methotrexate, which act by inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase. 

It soon became evident that no available antidotes could block the pharmacologic activity of these chemicals, alleviate the signs and symptoms of toxicity, or restore normal bodily functions after exposure. Atropine readily antagonized the muscarinic actions, including those in the central nervous system (CNS), but elicited no reversal of the nicotinic effects. Better forms of therapy were sought, particularly to alleviate the nicotinic effects of anticholinesterase agents. 

Antidotes that act pharmacologically e.g. naloxone used in opioid poisoning. 

For drugs with a potential for abuse, information relating to the abuse of the drug as well as a proposal for scheduling under the Controlled Substances Act should be included. If the drug is structurally or pharmacologically related to a drug with abuse potential, but no studies have been done, the reasons why these studies are considered unnecessary should be included. Information related to overdose, as well as antidotes, other treatments, and measures to be taken in the case of overdose must also be provided. 

The pharmacological uses of vitamin K are in the treatment of (rare) vitamin K deficiency prophylaxis in newborn infants (Section 5.4.1), and as an antidote to overcome anticoagulant toxicity. Because of its cytoxic effects, menadione has been used in cancer chemotherapy. It also potentiates the analgesic actions of salicylates and opiates, and has been used to enhance pain relief in cancer patients. 

The only pharmacological use of vitamin B12, other than for the treatment of deficiency or for rare children with vitamin dependency diseases affecting the binding of the coenzyme to methylmalonyl CoA mutase (Section 10.8.2), is as an antidote for cyanide poisoning. Supplements of vitamin B12 are available for strict vegetarians who might be at risk of deficiency. There is no evidence of any adverse effects of high intakes of vitamin B12. 

Flora, S.J.S., Sekhar, K. (2004). Chronic arsenic poisoning target organ toxicity, diagnosis and treatment. In Pharmacological Perspectives of Some Toxic Chemicals and their Antidotes (S.J.S. Flora, J.A. Romano, S.I. Baskin, K. Sekhar, eds), pp. 271-302. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, India. 

Numerous agents analogous to the specific antidotes or compounds belonging to different pharmacological classes have also been evaluated against experimental cyanide poisoning. The eardiovaseular implications and poor pharmacokinetics of nitrite led to evaluation of yet another group... 

Baskin, S.I., Petrovics, I., Kurche, J.S., Nicholson, J.D., Logue, B.A., Maliner, B.I., Rockwood, G.A. (2004). Insights on cyanide toxicity and methods of treatment. In Pharmacological Perspectives of Toxic Chemicals and their Antidotes... 

Hermansky, S.J., Wolff, S.N., Stohs, S.J. (1990b). Use of Rifampin as an effective chemoprotectant and antidote against microcystin-LR toxicity. Pharmacology 41 231-6. 

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