External Applications

Since the prior studies have shown that the zeolites protect the polymers from ultraviolet degradation, a wide spectrum opens the external 

The currents chapter summarizes the basic synthesis, characterizations, and applications of zeolites including medical application. It is evident from the discussion that zeolites have a great potential in numerous application. Not only zeolites are very cheap and naturally occurring but also they can easily be synthesized. The ease of handling of the zeolites attracts more and more industries and academic scientist toward finding the new applications of the zeolites. The medical field needs to be more explore as far as zeolites applications are concerned. 

Barren Zeolites and Clay Minerals as Sorbents and Molecular Sieves. London Academic Press, p. 23,1978. 

Abdelouas, W. Lutze, H.E. Nuttall. 1999. Chapter 9 Uranium contamination in the subsurface Characterization and remediation. In P.C. Burns and R. Finch (Eds.). Uranium Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Environment Reviews in Mineralogy, vol. 38. pp. 433-473 Mineralogical Society of America, Wcishington DC.. 

Newsam, A.K. Cheetham, P. Day (Eds.). Solid State Chemistry Compounds. New York Oxford University Press, pp. 234-280,1992. 

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CHjSH CHSH-CHjOH. Usually obtained as an oil, m.p. 77 C. Developed as an antidote to poisoning by organic arsenicals by external application, it is of use in poisoning by Hg, Cu, Zn, Cd but not Pb. It acts by forming a chelate with the metal and so removing it from the system. 

Both chloramine-T and dichloramine-T have marked antiseptic properties, chloramine-T being most frequently used because of its solubility in water. Aqueous solutions of chloramine-T can be used either for external application, or for internal application to the mouth, throat, etc, as chloramine-T in moderate quantities is non-toxic its aqueous solution can also be effectively used when the skin has come in contact with many of the vesicant liquid poison-gases, as the latter are frequently organic sulphur or arsenic derivatives which combine with or are oxidised by chloramine-T and are thus rendered harmless. 

The spray is based upon either a natural plate-like material, such as vermiculite bound together with cement, or mineral fibers. Application is fast but not precise or clean, and is generally only suitable for areas where the steel will be hidden (by a false ceiling, for example). Sprays for external applications are available. However, the steel must first be provided with a compatible corrosion protection system. 

For antistatic modification of extruded and injected-molded articles made from unplasticized PVC, internal antistatic agents are unsuitable in the usual amounts (<2 phr). Instead, the external application of the alkanesulfonates solution mentioned above is recommended. 

Identify and extract chemical compounds from the text, transform them into structures and ask an external application to compute their chemical properties and toxicology alerts, and annotate the documents with these results. The added information might then be used for further analysis of the data set. 

The electrophysiological experiments reported here and done with patch-clamp techniques support this idea. The external application of MTX to isolated cardiac myocytes caused a sustained inward current which was carried by Ca . MTX did not increase the voltage-dependent Ca channel current, and both the time dependence and voltage dependence of the MTX-induced current were clearly different from those of the usual Ca channel current. These results suggest that the MTX-induced steady current is different from the usual voltage-dependent Ca channel current, and that this is possibly a current which flows through a new type of Ca -permeable channel. Tbe steady current described here may be responsible for the highly enhanced Ca influx induced by MTX and could account for the excitatory action of MTX on smooth and cardiac muscles. 

Electrophysiological protocols utilizing crayfish and squid giant axons revealed that external application of brevetoxin caused a concentration-dependent... 

Figure 2.4 Noradrenergic inhibition of Ca " currents and transmitter release in sympathetic neurons and their processes, (a) Inhibition of currents through N-type Ca " channels by external application of noradrenaline (NA) or by over-expression of G-protein P y2 subunits, recorded from the soma and dendrite of a dissociated rat superior cervical sympathetic neuron. Currents were evoked by two successive 10 ms steps from —70 mV to OmV, separated by a prepulse to -1-90 mV. Note that the transient inhibition produced by NA (mediated by the G-protein Go) and the tonic inhibition produced by the G-protein Piy2 subunits were temporarily reversed by the -1-90 mV depolarisation. (Adapted from Fig. 4 in Delmas, P et al. (2000) Nat. Neurosci. 3 670-678. Reproduced with permission), (b) Inhibition of noradrenaline release from neurites of rat superior cervical sympathetic neurons by the 2-adrenoceptor stimulant UK-14,304, recorded amperometrically. Note that pretreatment with Pertussis toxin (PTX), which prevents coupling of the adrenoceptor to Gq, abolished inhibition. (Adapted from Fig. 3 in Koh, D-S and Hille, B (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1506-1511. Reproduced with permission)...

The physical state of the skin is considerable affected by external factors such as relative humidity, temperature, and air movement at the skin surface. If this contact is broken (for example, by external applications of ointments or creams), it is reasonable to assume that the new skin will change in some way, sometimes to an extent that creates new conditions of permeability for the test material. This would be the case, for example, if the stratum comeum becomes more hydrated than normal due to the topical delivery form. Temperature might also have an effect, as is the case when any constituents of the vehicle affect the inner structure of the skin through interactions with endogenous skin substances. Often several of these processes occur together. 

Creams are semisolid preparations meant for external application as emollients or as topical medications. They are semisolid emulsions of either the oil-in-water or the water-in-oil type. 

Pastes are also semisolid preparations intended for external application to the skin, and differ from ointments and creams in that they contain a high solid content. Pastes are made stiff by the addition of powders such as starch, zinc oxide, calcium carbonate or their mixtures. 

The predominant adverse effect of clinical use of capsaicin is the burning sensation it produces. Many find it intolerable, and withdrawal rates from clinical studies have been reported as 30% or higher (Szallasi and Blumberg 1999). Excessive ingestion of chili peppers can cause visceral pain, increased peristalsis and diarrhea (Gruenwald 1998). Excessive external application can cause blister and ulcer formation. Very high doses can cause a serious hypothermia. 

Creams are opaque, soft solids or thick liquids intended for external application. Creams may contain medications dissolved or suspended in water-soluble or vanishing cream bases and can be either water-in-oil or oil-in-water. An example is given below. 

Technical advantage/function Varnishes are used to protect coated materials (e.g. wood, metals) in internal and external applications. However, they also have an important aesthetic function and effect on the living enviromnent. 

Thallium and its compounds (particularly soluble salts) can cause serious or fatal poisoning from accidental ingestion or external application. Acute symptoms are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, weakness, pain in extremities, convulsions, and coma. Chronic effects are weakness, pain in extremities, and rapid loss of hair. Thallium and its compounds are listed under Federal toxics regulations. It is listed hy the US EPA as a priority pollutant metal in the environment. 

Fleisher reported that both sarin and VX increased the sensitivity of the isolated frog s rectus abdominis to external application of acetylcholine and at the same time decreased the activity of cholinesterase in the external surfaces of the muscle cells. Sarin at 5 x 10-7 M reduced the threshold concentration of acetylcholine for inducing contraction of the muscle to 8% of that required before application of sarin. The same concentration of VX reduced the threshold concentration of acetylcholine to 6.7% of that needed previously. Contemporaneously, the activity of cholinesterase in the external surfaces of the muscle cells was reduced to 8.1% and 0% of that before application of sarin and VX, respectively. Addition of 2-PAM I at 5 x 10 M to the baths in which the muscles were suspended had little effect on the activity of the enzyme in homogenates of the muscles, but restored 75% and 91%, respectively, of the activity of cholinesterase in the external surfaces of the muscles exposed to sarin and VX. At the same time, the concentration of acetylcholine required to induce contraction of the muscles was raised to 53.3% and 58.3% of the original threshold concentrations, respectively, for the muscles exposed to sarin and to VX. 

Pastes are semi-solid preparation for external application that differ from similar products (i.e. ointment) in containing a high proportion of finely powdered medicaments. 

Poultices are paste like preparation for external application to reduce inflammation due to its heat retaining capacity. After heating, the preparation is spread thickly on a dressing gauze and applied as hot as patient can bear it, to the affected area. 

A mixture of 250 cc. of water and 1000 g. of pure ethylene chlorohydrin (b. p. 126-127°) is then added, the stirring is started, and the temperature of the mixture raised to 45° by external application of warm water. At this point the warm water is rapidly removed (Note 2) and the temperature of the contents of the flask carefully held at 45° by jacketing with water at a suitable temperature (33-35°). After the mixture has been held at 45° for an hour it is allowed to warm up to 48° by allowing the temperature of the water bath to rise two degrees. After an hour at 48° the temperature is raised to 50° and held at this point until the reaction is over it is necessary to raise the temperature of the bath gradually, and the end of the reaction is noted when the bath temperature reaches 50°. A period of four and a half to five hours is necessary for this last stage. 

The decomposition of the diazonium sulfate in the presence of alcohol may take place with considerable violence, and it is necessary to watch the reaction carefully so as to be able to check it, if necessary, by the external application of cold water. Acetaldehyde is rapidly evolved, and some will generally escape from the condenser. It is therefore advisable to lead the escaping gases through water, not only in order to avoid possibility of fire, but to retain any nitrotoluene which may be entrained. 

The fundamental requirements for floating roofs are dependent on whether the roof is for an internal or an external application. The design... 

Pastes may be defined as a semisolid dosage form that contains a large proportion (i.e., 20-50%) of solids finely dispersed in a fatty vehicle (basically an ointment base) for external application to the skin. The presence of a high concentration of solids makes them much stiffer than ointments. Like ointments, pastes form an unbroken... 

Iodine is used in various forms in medicine—e.g. tincture of iodine, liquor iodi, iodized cotton, iodized wine, iodized water, oils and syrups iodides of potassium, mercury, iron, arsenic, lead, etc. and as methyl iodide or di-iodide iodoform, CHI3 ethyl iodide, C2H5I iodole, C4I4.NH aristole etc.—largely for external application as an antiseptic. Some iodides are used in photography, and in analytical operations and a considerable amount of iodine is used in the preparation of aniline dyes. 

Creams/Lotions Semisolid emulsions that contain fully dissolved or suspended drug substances for external application. Lotions are generally of lower viscosity. Diluent A vehicle in a phannaceutical formulation commonly used for making up volume and/or weight (e.g., water, paraffin base). 

As an external application, salt has been employed for various purposes. A saturated solution, applied with friction, is used as a countorirritant and disoutient in glandular enlargements and chronic diseases of the joints as a stimulant, it is rubbed on the chest in fainting and asphyxia. 

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