Arsenic antidotes

CHjSH CHSH-CHjOH. Usually obtained as an oil, m.p. 77 C. Developed as an antidote to poisoning by organic arsenicals by external application, it is of use in poisoning by Hg, Cu, Zn, Cd but not Pb. It acts by forming a chelate with the metal and so removing it from the system. 

Arsenic(III) oxide is slightly soluble in water, giving a solution with a sweetish taste—but as little as 0.1 g can be a fatal dose (The antidote is freshly-precipitated iron(III) hydroxide.) The solution has an acid reaction to litmus, due to the formation of arsenic(III) acid ... 

Gift-arznei, /. antidote, -ascher, m. (Leather) arsenic lime, -blase,/, venom sac. -drfise,/. poison gland, -dunst, m. poisonous vapor, -erz, n. arsenic ore. -fang, m. Giftturm poison fang. 

Gift-mehl, n. crude powdered arsenic trioxide, -mittel, n. antidote. -nebel, m. (Mil.) toxic smoke, -nebelkerze, /. (Mil.) toxic smoke candle, -nebelwolke, /. (Mil.) toxic... 

The first time the body realizes that arsenic has been incorporated is when the redox activity (as above) proceeds at potentials when nitrogen or phosphorus are inert. By the time we detect the arsenic poisoning (i.e. we feel unwell), it is generally too late, since atoms of arsenic are covalently bound within body tissue and cannot just be flushed out or treated with an antidote. The arsenic sequesters electrons that might otherwise be involved in other relay cycles, which is a concurrent kinetic process see Figure 8.16. 

A significant historical discovery was that an antidote to arsenic poisoning is the ingestion of gradually increasing doses of the poison rather... 

Karger S. Incapacitating dose of CAR 302668 in man and efficacy of physostigmine as an antidote. Edgewood Arsenal Technical Memorandum 114-20, 1968... 

Cesium is used as a chemical reagent and reducing agent in industry and the laboratory. It can also be used as an antidote for arsenic poisoning. 

Dimercaprol (BAL, British Anti-Lewisite) was developed in World War 11 as an antidote against vesicant organic arsenicals (B). It is able to chelate various metal ions. Dimercaprol forms a liquid, rapidly decomposing substance that is given intramuscularly in an oily vehicle. A related compound, both in terms of structure and activity, is di-mercaptopropanesulfonic acid, whose sodium salt is suitable for oral administration. Shivering, fever, and skin reactions are potential adverse effects. 

Oxalis corriculaza L. O. corymbosa DC Sha Jiang Cao (Wood sorrel) (leaf) Oxalate, vitamin C, calcium, citric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid.50 Antidote to arsenic and mercury, for bruises, clots, diarrhea, fever, influenza, snakebite, urinary infections. 

As a purgative, the dose for adnlts is from a scruple to a drachm for infanta, from two to ten grains. As an antacid, the doso is from ten to thirty grains twice a day. It is conveniently given in milk. Magnesia has been used with success as on antidote to arsenic. —Pereira. 

Tolerance to heavy metals, specifically mercury and cadmium, has been associated with the induction of kidney metallothionein, a protein rich in sulfhydryl groups which protects by chelation (102). The synthetic antidote dimercaprol, introduced after World War I for arsenic-containing gases, works by a similar mechanism (103). 

Colloidal saccharated iron is sometimes used in place of ferric hydroxide as an antidote in arsenical poisoning, but its adsorptive capacity depends on the alkalinity of the medium.4 Thus a commercial preparation containing 0-75 per cent, of sodium hydroxide was found to adsorb 12-57 per cent, of arsenious oxide (reckoned on the amount of iron present) addition of alkali increased the adsorption until, with 1-28 per cent, of sodium hydroxide present, there was a maximum adsorption of 27 per cent. The addition of acid correspondingly diminished the adsorption. A gel of ferric magnesium hydroxide, if prepared without boiling, also adsorbs arsenic from sodium arsenite solutions.5... 

The first chelating agent developed as an antidote to a heavy metal poison was 2,3-dimereaptopropanol (dimercaprol, British Anti-Lewisite, BAL). Originally intended for use on victims of the arsenical vesicant poison gas Lewisite52, it has since proved efficacious in the treatment of antimony, gold and mercury poisoning as well as... 

Detoxication of Metals. Pectins or pectin derivatives have been proposed as antidotes for heavy metal poisoning for nearly 200 years. Kertesz (9) has reviewed the early work in this area. Pectin complexes lead so strongly as to quantitatively remove it from solution. Absorption 6f lead, arsenic, and selenium by several animal species has been reduced by pectin- or apple-containing diets. Use of pectin as a prophylactic agent in lead poisoning continues to be of interest. Bondarev (88) recently reported an increase in excretion and a decrease in bone accumulation of lead when rats fed 6 mg/day of lead also received 72-432 mg/day of low ester pectin. Paskins-Hurlburt et al. (89) achieved an 87% decrease in lead absorption by pectate fed rats. These studies bear out the early observations of Fellenburg (see 9, p. 572), who concluded that pectin of decreased ester content would have an enhanced ability to complex metals. 

Antidotes to arsenic poisoning take advantage of the element s sulfur-seeking tendencies and contain sulfhydryl groups. One such antidote is 2,3-mercaptopropanol (BAL), discussed in the preceding section as an antidote for lead poisoning. 

In what respects do antidotes to arsenic poisoning take advantage of arsenic s sulfur-seeking tendencies What is the name and chemical formula of one such antidote ... 

Freshly precipitated ferric hydroxide adsorbs arsemous acid from solution the extent of adsorption is diminished by the presence of sodium hydroxide, but addition of sodium chloride appears to have no influence.5 It has therefore been recommended as an antidote in cases of arsenic poisoning. The amount of adsorption is given by the expression... 

Arsine/phosphinepoisoning There is no antidote for Arsine or phosphine poisoning. Do not administer arsenic chelating drugs. Patient may need blood transfusions. 

Lewisite, dichloro(2-dichlorovinyl)arsine is a chemical that contains arsenic, which though a liquid is sufficiently volatile to be dispersed among enemy troops. The arsenic atom in the lewisite reacts with proteins and causes terrible blisters on the skin and damage to the eyes and lungs if inhaled. Fortunately, an antidote was devised as a result of the work of the British biochemist Rudolf Peters. The antidote was appropriately named British anti-lewisite (dimercaprol), and abbreviated to BAL. 

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