Cyanide antidote for

Other Uses. Other appHcations for sodium nitrite include the syntheses of saccharin [81-07-2] (see Sweeteners), synthetic caffeine [58-08-2] (22), fluoroaromatics (23), and other pharmaceuticals (qv), pesticides (qv), and organic substances as an inhibitor of polymerization (24) in the production of foam blowing agents (25) in removing H2S from natural gas (26) in textile dyeing (see Textiles) as an analytical reagent and as an antidote for cyanide poisoning (see Cyanides). 

Sodium nitrite (NaNOg) is used by emergency medical personnel as an antidote for cyanide poisoning (for this purpose, it must be administered immediately). Based on the discussion of cyanide poisoning in Section 21.10, suggest a mechanism for the life-saving effect of sodium nitrite. 

For cyanide and cyanogen, antidote should be administered as soon as possible. The Lilly Cyanide Antidote Kit contains amyl nitrite, sodium nitrite, and sodium thiosulfate. Cobalt edentate or 4-dimethylaminophenol are alternative antidotes for cyanide poisoning. Benzodiazepines or barbiturates may be required to control severe seizures. 

Keniston, R.C., S. Cabellon, Jr., and K.S. Yarbrough. 1987. Pyridoxal 5 -phosphate as an antidote for cyanide, spermine, gentamicin, and dopamine toxicity an in vivo rat study. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 88 433-441. Knocke, W.R. 1981. Electroplating and cyanide wastes. Jour. Water Pollut. Contr. Feder. 53 847-851. Knowles, C.J. 1988. Cyanide utilization and degradation by microorganisms. Pages 3-15 in D. Evered and S. 

Pharmacological approaches to finding antidotes for cyanide are also under investigation. Maduh et al. (1995) examined the effects of a protein kinase C inhibitor, l-5-(isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2 methylpiperazine (H-7), on cellular energy depletion caused by sodium cyanide. They reported that H-7 partially prevented cellular energy depletion and increased the number of surviving cells. 

Keniston RC, Cabellon S, Yarbrouch KS. 1987. Pyridoxal 5 -phosphate as an antidote for cyanide, spermine, gentamicin, and dopamine toxicity An in vivo rat study. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 88 433-441. 

Nitrites may be used as an antidote for cyanide poisoning if given rapidly. They convert hemoglobin to methemoglobin, which binds cyanide in the blood before reaching the tissues. Oxygen is also given if possible. 

Why is nitrite sometimes administered as an antidote for cyanide poisoning ... 

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the U.S. military consider cyanide a possible weapon of so-called rogue nations such as Iraq, Iran, and North Korea, and terrorist groups. Iraq is believed to have used cyanide to kill thousands in the 1980s during its war with Iran and against Kurds in northern Iraq. With this in mind, the possibility of an antidote takes on added importance. However, the effectiveness of amyl nitrite as an antidote for cyanide poisoning has come under question by some medical authorities. The U.S. military removed amyl nitrite from its cyanide antidote kits, because of adverse side effects (low blood pressure, dizziness, and headaches) and other concerns. 

This reaction is catalyzed by rhodanase enzyme, also called mitochondrial sulfur transferase. Although not found in the blood, this enzyme does occur abundantly in liver and kidney tissue. Because of this reaction, thiosulfate can be administered as an antidote for cyanide poisoning. 

Antidotes for cyanide poisoning (B). Cyanide ions (CN ) enter the organism in the form of hydrocyanic acid (HCN) the latter can be inhaled, released from cyanide salts in the acidic stomach juice, or enzymatically liberated from bitter almonds in the gastrointestinal tract. The lethal dose of HCN can be as low as 50 mg. CN binds with high af nity to trivalent iron and thereby arrests utilization of oxygen via mitochondrial cytochrome oxidases of the respiratory chain. Internal asphyxiation (histotoxic hypoxia) ensues while erythrocytes remain charged with 02 (venous blood colored bright red). 

The only pharmacological use of vitamin B12, other than for the treatment of deficiency or for rare children with vitamin dependency diseases affecting the binding of the coenzyme to methylmalonyl CoA mutase (Section 10.8.2), is as an antidote for cyanide poisoning. Supplements of vitamin B12 are available for strict vegetarians who might be at risk of deficiency. There is no evidence of any adverse effects of high intakes of vitamin B12. 

Cyanide is a nucleophile known to react with various carbonyl moieties like ketones and aldehydes to yield cyanohydrin derivatives (Morrison and Boyd, 1976). Sodium pyruvate (Schwartz et al, 1979), a-ketoglutarate (Moore et al, 1986), pyridoxal-5 -phosphate (Keniston et al, 1987), and many other carbonyl compounds and their metabolites or nutrients which interact with cyanide to form cyanohydrin complexes (Way, 1984 Niknahad et al, 1994 Bhattacharya and Tulsawani, 2008) have been reported to afford significant protection against acute cyanide poisoning in vitro or in vivo. Out of all these agents, a-ketoglutarate, either alone or with sodium thiosulfate, has been considered to be a promising antidote for cyanide (Borowitz et al. 

Van Heijst, A.N.P., Meredith, J.J. (1990). Antidotes for cyanide poisoning. In Basic Science in Toxicology (G.N. Volanis, J. Sims, F. Sullivan, P. Turner, eds), pp. 558-66. Taylor and Francis, Brighton, England. 

Nitrites have been used as vasodilators, as circulatory (blood pressure) depressants, as antidotes for cyanide and hydrogen sulfide poisoning (amyl and sodium nitrites), and to relieve smooth muscle... 

Use Diazotization (by reaction with hydrochloric acid to form nitrous acid) rubber accelerators color fixative and preservative in cured meats, meat products, fish pharmaceuticals photographic and analytical reagent dye manufacture antidote for cyanide poisoning. 

Meredith, T.J., Jacobsen, D., Haines, J.A., Berger, J.-C., and van Heijst, A.N.P., Antidotes for cyanide poisoning, Volume 2, International Program of Chemical Safety/Commission of the European Communities. Evaluation of Antidote Series, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, CA, 1993. 

Nitrites, not nitrates, cause methemoglobinemia in adults. Headache, not angina, increased upon returning to work on Monday. Neither nitrates nor nitrites are related to causation of cyanide poisoning, but nitrites are used as one part of the antidote for cyanide intoxication. The answer is (D). 

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