Antidotes lewisite poisoning

Meadowsweet (Spiraea ulmaria) extract antidote, lead poisoning Calcium trisodium pentetate antidote. Lewisite... 

The first chelating agent developed as an antidote to a heavy metal poison was 2,3-dimereaptopropanol (dimercaprol, British Anti-Lewisite, BAL). Originally intended for use on victims of the arsenical vesicant poison gas Lewisite52, it has since proved efficacious in the treatment of antimony, gold and mercury poisoning as well as... 

Treatment for these poisons is the administration of sulfhydryl reagents with adjacent sulfhydryl groups to compete with the dihydrolipoyl residues for binding with the metal ion, which is then excreted in the urine. Indeed, 2,3-dimercaptopropanol (see Figure 17.20) was developed after World War I as an antidote to lewisite, an arsenic-based chemical weapon. This compound was initially called BAL, for British anti-lewisite. 

Organoarsenicals were used as poison gases in World War I. The most notorious of these was Lewisite (140). During the years before World War II, researchers looked for antidotes and found the compound 2,3-dimercaptopropanol, now commonly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL (190). This compound has proven extremely effective in the treatment of lead and mercury poisoning. 

The oil-soluble BAL (British anti-Lewisite 2,3-dimer-captopropanol) administered intramuscularly appears to be the antidote of choice for antimony poisoning. The antidotal action of BAL depends on its ability to prevent or break the union between antimony and vital enzymes. 

Research on anesthetic gases during the nineteenth century facilitated the development and use of poisonous war gases in the twentieth. This led to attempts to counteract the effects of chemical warfare agents and other toxic compounds, particularly arsenicals, introduced by Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915) for the treatment of syphilis. This resulted in the synthesis of the first specific chemical antidote, British anti-Lewisite (BAL), in 1945 by R.A. Peters, L.A. Stocken, and R.H.S. Thompson in Oxford. Studies on the mechanistic bases for toxicity were applied to the synthesis of effective insecticides. For example, during the 1940s, the Swiss chemist Paul Muller discovered a compound, now known as DDT, that poisons insects on contact. 

Treatment of inorganic arsenic poisoning involves decontamination procedures and use of the antidote BAL (British anti-lewisite compound 2,3-dime-rcaptopropanol). Use of demulcent to coat the gastrointestinal tract and the use of antibiotics is also recommended. Organic arsenic poisoning treatment involves only withdrawal of the feed involved, with recovery occurring in 3-5 days. Severely affected pigs should be culled. 

British Anti-Lewisite (BAL) is a dithiol used as an antidote in mercury poisoning. It was originally developed as an antidote to a mustard-gas-hke chemical warfare agent called Lewisite. Lewisite was developed near the end of World War I and never used. By the onset of World War II, Lewisite was considered to be obsolete because of the discovery of BAL, an effective, inexpensive antidote. The two thiol groups of BAL form a water-soluble complex with mercury (or with the arsenic in Lewisite) that is excreted from the body in the urine. 

Explain the way in which British Anti-Lewisite acts as an antidote for mercury poisoning. 

An antidote is available for lewisite exposure. BAL (British-Anti-Lewisite dimercaprol) was developed by the British during World War II. The antidote is produced in oil diluent for intramuscular administration to counter the systemic effects of lewisite. There is no effect, however, on the skin lesions (eyes, skin, and respiratory system) from the antidote. Mustard agents (H), (HD), (HS), and (HT), like nerve agents, would be classihed as Class 6.1 poisons by the DOT and would have NFPA 704 designations of health 4, flammability 1, reactivity 1, and special... 

Organoarsenic compounds have a history not just for good (see Salvarsan above), but also for use as poison gas in World War I. Lewisite (GlGH=GHAsGl2) was tested but luckily never used. Research into possible antidotes led to the development of 2,3-dimercaptopropanol, known as mercaprol or British anti-Lewisite (BAL). This compound to... 

Uses Chelating agent antidote to arsenic, gold, and mercury poisoning antidote to Lewisite detoxicant for heavy metal poisoning... 

Sternlieb I (1990) Perspectives on Wilson s disease. Hepatology 12 1234-1238 Stewart JR, Diamond G (1987) Renal tubular secretion of the alkanesulfonate 2,3-dimer capto-1-propane sulfonate. Am J Physiol 252 F800-F810 Stocken LA, Thompson RHS (1946) British anti-lewisite. II. Dithiol compounds as antidotes for arsenic. Biochem J 40 535-548 Sunderman FW Sr (1990) Use of sodium diethyldithiocarbamate in the treatment of nickel carbonyl poisoning. Ann Clin Lab Sci 20 12-21 Tell I, Somervaille LJ, Nilsson U, Bensryd I, Schiitz A, Chettle DR, Scott MC, Skerfving S (1992) Chelated lead and bone lead. Scand J Work Environ Health 18 113-119... 

The compound 2,3-dimercaptopropanol (HSCH2CHSHCH2OH), commonly known as British Anti-Lewisite (BAL), was developed during World War I as an antidote to arsenic-containing poison gas. (a) If each BAL molecule binds one arsenic (As) atom, how many As atoms can be removed by 1.0 g of BAL (b) BAL can also be used to remove poisonous heavy metals like mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb). If each BAL binds one Hg atom, calculate the mass percent of Hg in a BAL-Hg complex. (An H atom is removed when a BAL molecule binds an Hg atom.)... 

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