Cyanides antidotes

Basic blue 9 Sodium nitrite Sodium thiosulfate anhydrous antidote, cyanide medicine Methylene blue trihydrate antidote, gold poisoning... 

Other Uses. Other appHcations for sodium nitrite include the syntheses of saccharin [81-07-2] (see Sweeteners), synthetic caffeine [58-08-2] (22), fluoroaromatics (23), and other pharmaceuticals (qv), pesticides (qv), and organic substances as an inhibitor of polymerization (24) in the production of foam blowing agents (25) in removing H2S from natural gas (26) in textile dyeing (see Textiles) as an analytical reagent and as an antidote for cyanide poisoning (see Cyanides). 

The thiosulfate reaction with cyanide to give thiocyanate is the basis for the use of thiosulfate as an antidote in cyanide poisoning ... 

Minor and potential new uses include flue-gas desulfurization (44,45), silver-cleaning formulations (46), thermal-energy storage (47), cyanide antidote (48), cement additive (49), aluminum-etching solutions (50), removal of nitrogen dioxide from flue gas (51), concrete-set accelerator (52), stabilizer for acrylamide polymers (53), extreme pressure additives for lubricants (54), multiple-use heating pads (55), in soap and shampoo compositions (56), and as a flame retardant in polycarbonate compositions (57). Moreover, precious metals can be recovered from difficult ores using thiosulfates (58). Use of thiosulfates avoids the environmentally hazardous cyanides. 

Enzymes as Antidotes. Rhodanese [9026-04-4] given along with thiosulfate to counteract cyanide poisoning in mice (224) was the first enzyme used as an antidote. This combination raised the LD q of potassium cyanide in mice by eightfold (224). 

Sodium nitrite (NaNOg) is used by emergency medical personnel as an antidote for cyanide poisoning (for this purpose, it must be administered immediately). Based on the discussion of cyanide poisoning in Section 21.10, suggest a mechanism for the life-saving effect of sodium nitrite. 

Considerable care must be taken at all times when using potassium cyanide to avoid any form of physical contact and chemical antidotes must be kept permanently and easily available. 

In medicines, it is a vasodilator, intestinal relaxant, bronchodila-tor, and an antidote to cyanide and hydrogen sulfide poisoning. 

The high toxicity of cyanide-containing substances requires the immediate application of a medical antidote. What simple chemical principles dictate both the toxicity of this species and the efficacy of suitable antidotes ... 

For cyanide and cyanogen, antidote should be administered as soon as possible. The Lilly Cyanide Antidote Kit contains amyl nitrite, sodium nitrite, and sodium thiosulfate. Cobalt edentate or 4-dimethylaminophenol are alternative antidotes for cyanide poisoning. Benzodiazepines or barbiturates may be required to control severe seizures. 

Combined intoxications of carbon monoxide and cyanide should not be treated with the nitrites found in cyanide antidote kits. These nitrites are used to create methemoglobinemia, which will exacerbate carbon monoxide poisoning by further reducing the ability of the blood to deliver oxygen to body tissue. 

Keniston, R.C., S. Cabellon, Jr., and K.S. Yarbrough. 1987. Pyridoxal 5 -phosphate as an antidote for cyanide, spermine, gentamicin, and dopamine toxicity an in vivo rat study. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 88 433-441. Knocke, W.R. 1981. Electroplating and cyanide wastes. Jour. Water Pollut. Contr. Feder. 53 847-851. Knowles, C.J. 1988. Cyanide utilization and degradation by microorganisms. Pages 3-15 in D. Evered and S. 

Marrs, T.C. 1987. The choice of cyanide antidotes. Pages 383-401 in B. Ballantyne and T.C. Marrs (eds.). Clinical and Experimental Toxicology of Cyanides. Wright, Bristol. 

Undoubtedly sodium nitrite is a vasodilator [1]. This is seen from anecdotal evidence when nitrite is used as an antidote to cyanide poisoning hypotension is a major hazard. However, in ex vivo experiments the effect of nitrite is small but the situation in vivo is more difficult to assess, for reasons that will be clear shortly. It is now generally assumed that nitrite acts as a vasodilator because it can undergo a spontaneous reaction to give NO. The termolecular equation (Eq. (1)) sometimes given for this process is certainly incorrect as termoleculer reactions very rarely occur. 

Antidotes Intravenous sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate, and/or amyl nitrite perles are packaged in the cyanide antidote kit. When possible, treatment with cyanide antidotes... 

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