Venoms, snake, antidotes

Table L Amazonian Plants Used as Snake Venom Antidotes...

L-Cysteine is a high value a-amino acid used world-wide in a scale of 1200-15001 year-1 as additive in foodstuffs, cosmetics or as intermediate or active agent (as antidote to several snake venoms) in the pharmaceutical industry. Chemical routes generally lack the efficiency of electrochemical techniques, or they produce mixtures of l- and d- forms rather than the L-isomer. The most common electrochemical route is the cathodic reduction of L-Cystine in acid (usually HC1) solution to produce the stable hydrochloride. In Table 10, the charateristic data for a laboratory bench, laboratory pilot and a product pilot reaction using a DEM filter press are compared [13]. A production scale study was carried out in a filterpress reactor divided by a cation exchange membrane with a total area of 10.5 m2. The typical product inventory was 450 kg/24-hour batch time. For more details see Ref. [13]. 

Antivenom is the only specific antidote to snake venom. Antivenom is immunoglo-... 

Although treatment is possible using antivenins (antivenom), the combinations of toxins in a particular snake venom can vary, which means that they need to be as specific as possible. Antidotes to the effects can sometimes also be used, for example anticholinesterase substances which are used in treatment of the death adder bite. The antidote stops the... 

Cabenegrius. Orally active antidotes against snake venoms isolated from the root of a South American plant called "Cabeca de Negra and structurally related to pterocarpin. q.v. Isoln. L. L. Darko el al, Eur. pat. Appl. 89,229 eidem, U.S, pat. 4,429,161 0983, 1984 both to... 

Reportedly, the spice is also used as an antidote for both snake and scorpion venom. 

In a typical year there are some 45,000 snake bites in North America alone, but only 20 per cent of these are from poisonous snakes and only a proportion of these involve toxin or venom. This still leaves over 1,000 poisonous snake bites in which venom is injected, but deaths number only a handful, perhaps twelve to fifteen. The reason for this is that medical care is normally not too far away and the antidote or antivenin is available. Without treatment, for example, approximately 75 per cent of rattlesnake bites would be fatal. Similarly, in Australia, which has some of the world s most poisonous snakes, death from snake bite is rare because... 

These two compounds (Table 12.1), which were considered to be potent antidotes towards snake and spider venoms, were extracted from the root of a South American plant of unidentified source but known as Cabeca de Negra. Both compounds have been synthesised in racemic form (ref.91). 

Two isoprenylated derivatives of (- )-maackiain from an unidentified South American plant had high antidote activity toward venom of the snake Bothrops atrox (Nakagawa et al., 1982 Williams and Harbome, 1989b). 

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