Antidotes against

StmcturaHy related to nitrofurantoias are Dantrolene [7261-97-4] (38), a peripherally acting muscle relaxant, and its analogues (39), which can be used as an antidote against succiaylcholine-iaduced myopathy and ia autoimmune myasthenia gravis therapy (136,137). 

Pyridinecarbaldehydes. Pialidoxime iodide [51-15-0] (108), a derivative of 2-pyridinecaibaldehyde (109), is used as an antidote against... 

Sulfur has long been known for its properties as a pesticide and a curative agent. Homer spoke of the pest-averting sulfur as far back as 800—1000 BC, Hippocrates (400 Bc) considered sulfur sa an antidote against plague, and Dioscorides (100 ad) used sulfur ointment in dermatology (244). In 1803, the use of a lime—sulfur protective treatment for fmit trees was reported, and in 1850 sulfur dust was used to protect foHage (245). In 1891 sulfur dust was used on soil to control onion smut (246). 

Use antidote (against anticholinesterase-alkylphosphate), cholinesterase reactivator... 

More, Henry. An antidote against atheism, or, an appeal to the naturall faculties of the minde of man, whether there be not a God.. . . The second edition corrected and enlarged with an appendix thereunto annexed ed. London Printed by J Flesher, and are to be sold by William Morden bookseller in Cambridge, 1655. 398p. 

Of interest are An antidote against atheism. 234p. Conjectura cabbalistica. 243p. (Dated MDCCXII on separate title-page)... 

These potent natural toxins are tasteless and odorless, and contaminated seafood appears to be completely normal. They are not destroyed by cooking or by food preservation (e.g., freezing, drying, or salting). In addition, these toxins are refractory to the action of human digestive enzymes, and there are no antidotes against their biological activity (Schantz, 1973). 

Dimercaprol (BAL, British Anti-Lewisite) was developed in World War 11 as an antidote against vesicant organic arsenicals (B). It is able to chelate various metal ions. Dimercaprol forms a liquid, rapidly decomposing substance that is given intramuscularly in an oily vehicle. A related compound, both in terms of structure and activity, is di-mercaptopropanesulfonic acid, whose sodium salt is suitable for oral administration. Shivering, fever, and skin reactions are potential adverse effects. 

Finally, it should be mentioned that HA is effective as an antidote against cyanide poisoning by virtue of converting ca 20% of the hemoglobin to methemoglobin. This will be discussed at length in Section ILF. 

The therapeutic efficacy of diverse mono and bis-quaternary pyridine aldoximes as antidotes against OP poisoning has been established in hundreds of publications, and three of them, 2-PAM (38), toxogonin (40) and HI-6 (41), are available in autoinjectors for post-exposure self-treatment or treatment by medical staff. For further information on the clinical use and potential side effects of these oximes the reader is referred to the reviews of Kassa, Eyer and of Marrs and colleagues . ... 

Kewitz, H., Wilson, I.B., and Nachmansohn, D. A specific antidote against lethal alkyl phosphate intoxication II. Antidotal properties. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 64 456-465, 1956. 

In Western medicine, picrotoxanes have played but a marginal role therapeutically. Picrotoxin was described as analeptic. Porter recorded that picrotoxin was found to be an antidote against chloral hydrate and in consequence it was used also as an antidote against barbiturate intoxication (2). It was this activity that made biomedical researchers aware of its potential as research tool in neurochemistry. Due to its high toxicity, even its use as antidote is restricted, however. Picrotoxin is employed to treat vertigo and nausea in homeopathic preparations (25i). 

Specific antidotes against venoms produced by animals, apoptosis... 

Fusek, J. (1977). Tacrin and its analogues, antidotes against psychotomimetics with anticholinergic effects. Voj. Zdrav. Listy 46 21-7. (In Czech). 

Sodium thiosulfate is well known as an effective antidote against cyanide poisoning, for which purpose it should be administered almost immediately and not several days and months later (Chen and Rose, 1956 Goldstein et al, 1968) at the same time experimental data show that it is not an antidote against MIC (Alarie et al, 1987 Nemery et al, 1985b Varma et al, 1988). It is reasonable to assume that administration of sodium thiosulfate provided some relief to Bhopal residents but this does not prove that the poisoning in Bhopal was caused by HCN. 

Hermansky, S.J., Wolff, S.N., Stohs, S.J. (1990b). Use of Rifampin as an effective chemoprotectant and antidote against microcystin-LR toxicity. Pharmacology 41 231-6. 

OPs are known to induce time-delayed neurotoxicity. This is due to the inhibition of an esterase in nerve tissue, neuropathy target esterase (NTE), that is also found in muscle and blood cells. The NTE level in the blood is an indicator of the inhibition of the enzyme. Inhibition of NTE and aging, the process of following the OP binding to an active esterase site that prevents the reactivation of the site, is important for selection of an antidote against certain OP nerve agents. It is of primary concern for Novichok agent. There is little information available on OP-caused neurotoxicity and the cardiac toxicity. 

The life story of Canadian Lieutenant Eddie Baker demonstrates a heartwarming example of progress. Baker was blinded in WWI by sniper fire. After the war, he devoted himself to improving the fives of blinded veterans. He raised the funds used to start the Canadian National Institute for the Blind (CNIB) and, later, was involved in the development of eye banks. The downstream effect of his efforts was the first cornea transplant in Canada, performed in 1956 on a WWI veteran, 40 years after he was blinded by gas (Wilton, 1996). While this is wonderfijl medical progress, it cannot undo the fact that there is still no antidote against SM. 

Among promising candidates as antidotes against CNS intoxication by OP nerve agents, memantine (MEM) has been shown to pose both anti-excitotoxic and anti-epileptic properties. Memantine is an uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, clinically used for the treatment of Alzheimer s disease, Parkinson s disease and spasticity, in the absence of serious side effects (Ozsuer et al, 2005 Lipton, 2005). From a series of rat in vivo experiments, it is evident that pre-administration of memantine significantly protects... 

A number of animal models and strategies have been used to develop antidotes against the toxicity of SM but none is as successfiil as decontamination. Decontamination is the best known way to cure or prevent SM-induced toxicity. So far, many decontaminants have been reported but only chlor-amides and Fuller s earth are to be recommended because of... 

Pathak, U., Raza, S.K., Kulkami, A.S., Vijayaraghavan, R., Kumar, P., Jiaswal, D.K. (2004). Novel S-substituted amino-alkylamino ethanethiols potential antidotes against sulfur mustard toxicity. J. Med. Chem 47 3817-22. 

Bajgar J., Fusek J., Sevelova L., Kassa, J. (2004). Original trans-dermal prophylactic antidote against nerve agents - TRANSANT. CB Medical Treatment Symposium, April 25-30, 2004, Spiez, Switzerland. Technical Program p. 14. 

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