Antidotes diazepam

Abbara et al. performed simultaneous quantification of different antidotes (diazepam, pralidoxime and atropine) typically co-administered for the therapy of anticholinesterase poisoning (Table 5) [44], PK data resulting from i.m. drug injection by means of a bi-compartemental auto-injector were calculated from human plasma concentrations measured by LC-ESIMS/MS with MRM settings. Administration of 2 mg atropine sulphate yielded plasma peak concentrations of about 4 ng/ml 15 min after injection. 

For this, antidotic formulas are supplemented with anticonvulsants of different chemical structures (diazepam, clonazepam, phenazepam, etc.). 

CANA Convulsant Antidote for Nerve Agent, also called diazepam. 

Treatment — Patients should be decontaminated immediately prior to treatment using the decontamination method presented in Section 7.3.2. Ventilate the patient because of a possible increase in airway resistance due to constriction and the presence of secretions. If breathing is difficult, administer oxygen. Administer antidotes as soon as possible. The antidote for this agent is atropine alone or in combination with pralidoxime chloride (2-PAMC1) or another oxime. Diazepam may be required to control severe convulsions. 

Short-term management of insomnia Action Benzodiazepine Dose 1-2 mg PO qhs PRN X in hepatic impair/elderly/debilitated Caution [X, -] T Effects w/ CNS depressants Contra PRG Disp Tabs SE Somnolence, weakness, palpitations, anaphylaxis, angioedema, amnesia Interactions T Effects W/ amoxicillin, clarithromycin T effects OF diazepam, phenytoin, warfarin X effects W/ food X effects OF azole antifungals, digoxin EMS Use caution w/ other benzodiazepines, may need a reduced dose concurrent EtOH and caffeine use can T CNS effects OD May cause altered reflexes, drowsiness, CNS depression, slurred speech, and Szs flumazenil can be used as an antidote... 

Lallement, G., Masqueliez, C., Baubichon, D. et al. (2004). Protection against soman-induced lethality of the antidote combination atropine-pralidoxime pro-diazepam packed as freeze-dried form. J. Med. Chem. 2 1-11. 

The antidotal effect of 7-MEOTA on the anticholinergic syndrome was potentiated by nootropics, by diazepam, and especially by opioid peptides (Fusek, 1977). 

Marrs, T.C. (2004). Diazepam. Antidotes for Poisoning by Organophosphoms Pesticides. International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization, Geneva. 

Treatment is basically symptomatic and supportive no specific antidotes are available. Artificial ventilation with 100% humidified oxygen is necessary in cases of respiratory distress. If patient is cyanotic and cyanosis does not respond to oxygen administration, methemoglobin levels should be determined. Methemoglobinemia can be treated by intravenous administration of methylene blue. Support of cardiovascular function may also be required. Bladder damage can be determined by urinalysis. Hypotension may be treated with isotonic intravenous fluids. Dopamine or norepinephrine may be used if hypotension does not respond to infusion of fluids. Convulsions may be treated with intravenous benzodiazepines (diazepam or loraze-pam) phenobarbital may be used if the convulsions are recurrent. Because chlordimeform is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, foods with large amounts of... 

Exposed skin should be washed promptly with soap and water. Dermal application of vitamin E oil preparations may be used for both prophylaxis and treatment of paresthesia. Eor contact with eyes, flush immediately and for an extended period with generous amounts of clean water or saline. Gastric lavage is indicated if patient has ingested a large amount of pyrethroid and can be treated soon after exposure. For ingestion of smaller amounts or if treatment has been delayed, activated charcoal and catharsis are indicated. Seizures can be treated with intravenous benzodiazepines (diazepam or loraze-pam) phenytoin or phenobarbital may be helpful for recurrent seizures. No specific antidotes for pyre-throid-induced neurotoxic effects have been approved for use in humans. Spontaneous recovery usually occurs with mild or moderate intoxication. 

For ingestion of smaller amounts or if treatment has been delayed, activated charcoal and catharsis are indicated. Seizures can be treated with intravenous benzodiazepines (diazepam or lorazepam) phenytoin or phenobarbital may be helpful for recurrent seizures. No specific antidotes for pyrethroid-induced neurotoxic effects have been approved for use in humans. Spontaneous recovery usually occurs with mild or moderate intoxication. 

There is no antidote for fenvalerate. Treatment is primarily supportive. The victim should be monitored for the development of respiratory distress, seizures, and hypersensitivity reactions. Convulsions are often treated with diazepam. Prevention of absorption may be accomplished by gastric lavage followed by activated charcoal. Some formulations include solvents so care should be taken to protect against pulmonary effects during lavage. Basic and advanced life-support measures should be used as necessary. 

Conventional anticonvulsants (e.g., diazepam, phenobarbital, and phenytoin) may be administered to treat pyriminil-induced seizures. Niacinamide has been demonstrated to be an effective antidote in pyriminil poisoning in rats but little information is available regarding its antidotal efficacy in humans. Insulin therapy could be instituted as a preventive measure for possible diabetes mellitus. Orthostatic hypotension due to pyriminil exposure may be treated with conventional mineralocorticoids. 

The finding that physostigmlne is a highly potent antidote in acute diazepam intoxication raises the possibility that benzodiazepine activity may also Involve cholinergic systems. 

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