Commercially available products

ACD/H-NMR from Advanced Chemistry Development (ACD) Labs calculates H-NMR spectra under any basic frequency. The system uses 3D molecular structure minimization and Karplus relationships to predict proton-proton coupling constants. The software recognizes spectral differences among diastereotopic protons, cis-trans isomers of alkenes, syn-anti isomers of amides, oximes, hydrazones, and nitrosa-mines. The base data set includes more than 1,000,000 experimental chemical shifts and 250,000 experimental coupling constants. To quantify intramolecular interactions in new organic structures and to predict their chemical shifts, ACD/HNMR uses an algorithm based on intramolecular interaction parameters to quantify intramolecular interactions in new organic structures and to predict their chemical shifts. 

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Formaldehyde—Alcohol Solutions. These solutions are blends of concentrated aqueous formaldehyde, the alcohol, and the hemiacetal. Methanol decreases the average molecular weight of formaldehyde oligomers by formation of lower molecular weight hemiacetals. These solutions are used to produce urea and melamine resins the alcohol can act as the resin solvent and as a reactant. The low water content can improve reactivity and reduce waste disposal and losses. Typical specifications for commercially available products are shown in Table 7 (117). 

Sulfamic acid [5329-14-6] (amidosulfuric acid), HSO2NH2, molecular weight 97.09, is a monobasic, inorganic, dry acid and the monoamide of sulfuric acid. Sulfamic acid is produced and sold in the form of water-soluble crystals. This acid was known and prepared in laboratories for nearly a hundred years before it became a commercially available product. The first preparation of this acid occurred around 1836 (1). Later work resulted in identification and preparation of sulfamic acid in its pure form (2). In 1936, a practical process which became the basis for commercial preparation was developed (3,4). This process, involving the reaction of urea with sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid, continues to be the main method for production of sulfamic acid. 

The biotin market is divided between agricultural and human use, with —90% of biotin used in the animal health care market and —10% for the human nutritional market. The major producers of biotin are Hoffmann-La Roche, Lon2a, E. Merck-Darmstadt, Rhc ne-Poulenc, Sumitomo Pharmaceutical, E. Sung, and Tanabe Seiyaku (100). Worldwide production of biotin in 1994 was approximately 60 metric tons. The Hst price for pure biotin in 1995 was — 7.00/g whereas, the Hst price for technical feed-grade biotin was — 5.50/g. Biotin is used in various pharmaceutical, food, and special dietary products, including multivitamin preparations in Hquid, tablet, capsule, or powder forms. One of the commercially available products of i7-biotin is Britrit-1, which is a 1% biotin trituration used in food premixes. 

Direct dyes are one of the most versatile classes of dyestuff. U.S. production in 1988 was nearly 18,900 t valued at 100 million. In worldwide usage for ceUulosic textiles, direct dyes are the second largest class of dyestuff. The AATCC Buyers Guide (July 1991) Usts over 180 different Cl categories for direct dyes representing nearly 850 commercially available products. U.S. production figures are not released for most of these dyes the important direct yeUows and oranges of revealed chemical composition are Usted in Table 5. 

Disodium Oetaborate Tetrahydrate, Commercially available products, having the approximate composition of a hypothetical disodium octaborate tetrahydrate, have found apphcation in wood (qv) preservatives, fertilizer sprays, insecticides, herbicides, and fire retardants. In many apphcations the large water solubihty of these products is an asset. 

Prior to May of 1998 when the commercial product was approved by the FDA in the United States, surgeons in this country formed fibrin sealant by using topical bovine thrombin, which is a commercially available product, together with concentrated fibrinogen most frequently obtained from the blood bank. Standard blood bank cryoprecipitate is a good source of concentrated fibrinogen. Also... 

A commercially available product containing about 260,000 MSDSs on a CD-Rom can be purchased for around 400. For more information, visit www.fastsearch-msds.com. 

If there is any doubt as to the purity of the reagents used, they should be tested by standard methods for the impurities that might cause errors in the determinations. It may be mentioned that not all chemicals employed in quantitative analysis are available in the form of analytical reagents the purest commercially available products should, if necessary, be purified by known methods see below. The exact mode of drying, if required, will vary with the reagent details are given for specific reagents in the text. 

More recently there have been developed water- resistant phosphorus-based intumescence catalyst. This commercially available product, as an example Phos-Chek P/30 tradename from Monsanto, can be incorporated (with other water insoluble reagents) into water-resistant intumescent coatings of either the alkyd or latex-emulsion type. These intumescent coatings, formulated ac-... 

Microarray experiments generate large and complex data sets that constitute e.g. lists of spot intensities and intensity ratios. Basically, the data obtained from microarray experiments provide information on the relative expression of genes corresponding to the mRNA sample of interest. Computational and statistical tools are required to analyze the large amount of data to address biological questions. To this end, a variety of analytical platforms are available, either free on the Web or via purchase of a commercially available product. 

The two-phase titration is based on the reaction of anionic surfactants with cations—normally large cationic surfactants—to form an ion pair. The preferred cationic is benzethonium chloride (Hyamine 1622, 1) because of the purity of the commercially available product. On neutralization of the ionic charges, the ion pair has nonpolar character and can be extracted continuously into the organic phase, e.g., chloroform, as it is formed. The reaction is monitored by addition of a water-soluble cationic dye, dimidium bromide (2), and a water-soluble anionic dye, disulfine blue (3). The cationic dye forms an extractable... 

Waste PETP was depolymerised by glycolysis to give hydroxyl-terminated oligomers(DPET), which were used in the synthesis of urethane oils. The effect of depolymerisation temps., the type of glycol and the amount of catalyst on the yield and composition of the depolymerisation products was studied. The physical properties of the urethane oils were compared with those of a commercially-available product. The reaction of DPET with isocyanates produced random linkage between different molecules with or without terephthaloyl groups. 15 refs. 

Turmeric contains two main classes of compounds the curcuminoids responsible for the yellow color and the aroma compounds. The coloring principle of turmeric consists of three major phenolic derivatives curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin. Commercially available products called curcumins contain curcumin (l,7-bis(4-hydroxy-methoxyphenyl)-l,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione) as the major component (about 77% of total curcuminoids). Some other minor phenohc compounds such as cyclocurcumin and calebin were also isolated from turmeric. See Figure 5.2.1. 

These are found in crude petroleum including bitumen in the Athabasca tar sands of Northern Alberta. They contain a complex mixture of saturated polycyclic live- and six-membered cycloalkanes with alkane and alkanoic acid substituents. Attention has been directed to the degradation of both commercially available products, and those that are produced during bitumen extraction. Although the former were degradable (Clemente et al. 2004), the higher molecular mass components of the latter were much more recalcitrant (Scott et al. 2005). 

To overcome the problems of relatively low sample capacity associated with SPME, a technique known as stir-bar sorptive extraction has been reported by Baltussen etal. A glass-coated magnetic stir bar was coated with 50-100 iL of PDMS. Sample extraction was performed by placing the stir bar in the sample with subsequent stirring for 30-120 min. After extraction, the stir bar was removed and analytes were thermally desorbed at 150-300 °C for 5 min for GC, or liquid desorbed for LC. Qualitative analysis of organochlorine residues in wine has been reported using a commercially available product known as Twister. ... 

Another approach is that of bioadhesive materials. The principle is to administer a device with adhesive polymers having an affinity for the gastric surface, most probably the mucin coat [12]. Bioadhesives have demonstrated utility in the mouth, eye, and vagina, with a number of commercially available products. To date, use of bioadhesives in oral drug delivery is a theoretical possibility, but no promising leads have been published. 

GFP was immobilised into SBA-15 and on Aerosil OX-50 (Degussa) by physical adsorption. The latter is one of the commercially available products of Si02, and it consists entirely of a highly dispersed amorphous silica (SSA ca. 50 m2/g). Generally, siloxane and silanol groups are situated on the surface of Aerosil nanoparticles and the latter are responsible for its hydrophilic behaviour [4]. 

A module is a powder or liquid that can be added to a commercially available product. Alternatively, a modular product can be mixed to concentrate nutrients in less volume. 

Aldonolactones are useful starting materials for the synthesis of modified sugars. They have also been used as chiral templates in synthesis of natural products. Some of them are inexpensive, commercially available products or they may be obtained readily from the respective monosaccharides. The purpose of this chapter is to survey the main reactions of aldonolactones. Previous reviews on the subject include articles on gulono-1,4-lactones (1) and D-ribonolactone (2). Methods of synthesis, conformational analysis, and biological properties are not discussed in this chapter. 

The azo group (—N=N—) may be replaced by the analogous (—CH=N—) moiety to form an azomethine complex pigment, usually with copper as a chelating metal. The number of commercially available products in this group is also restricted. They typically afford yellow shades. Those species that provide the required lightfastness and weather resistance are used in automotive finishes and other industrial coatings. 

A commercially available product is Pigment Yellow 155, a yellow pigment which is prepared by coupling the diazonium salt of 1 -amino-2,5-dicarbomethoxy-benzene onto the bifunctional coupling component 1,4-bisacetoacetylaminoben-zene [10] ... 

P.R.149 furnishes high lightfastness. Transparent colorations at 1/25 SD and opaque colorations at 1/3 to 1/25 SD equal step 8 on the Blue Scale for lightfastness. The pigment is not durable enough to be used in long-term exposure. The commercially available products are extremely transparent, a feature which is exploited in a variety of applications. 

Over the years it has been interesting to note that many compounded products eventually become commercially available products. Recent examples might include fentanyl lozenges, minoxidil topical solution, nystatin lozenges, clindamycin topical solution, tetracaine-adrenalin-cocaine (TAG) solution, dihydroergotamine mesylate nasal spray, buprenorphine nasal spray, buffered hypertonic saline solution, and erythromycin topical solution as well as numerous other dermatological and pediatric oral liquids and some... 

Baytron , a conducting polymer [154] derived from 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene, is a commercially available product that can be used as an antistatic or electrostatic coating of plastics and glass. Moreover, it has successfully been applied as counterelectrode in capacitors and as a hole-injection layer in organic light-emitting diodes [155]. 

There are many applications in the medical and food sanitization fields for which antimicrobial surface coatings are needed. There are commercially available products making antibacterial claims, but they are limited in their applications by such factors as a poor spectra of activity, high cost, and toxicity. Work in the laboratories at Auburn Uifiversity over the past two decades has established a novel class of heterocyclic orgaific compounds termed A-halamines that have been demonstrated to be excellent antimicrobial materials for a broad variety of applications. 

Note Mineralization and combustion products products (carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, water vapor, and inorganic ions) are not included. Compounds listed include degradation products, impurities, and components in commercially available products (e.g., stabilizers, inhibitors, etc.). Refer to Appendix 1 for compounds that are underlined. 

The primary circuit is closed and filled with a special cooling fluid which, driven by a high-capacity pump, cools the magnet and the Power Mosfet banks. The cooling fluid is a commercially available product (Galden ) whose physical characteristics had been optimized for cooling electric devices wherever it is not possible to use water. It is chemically almost inert, absolutely non-toxic, and electrically non-conductive. 

Another commercially available product containing naturally occurring marine products is Formulaid , produced by Martek Biosciences as a nutritional supplement for infant formulas. Formulaid contains two fatty acids, arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), extracted from a variety of marine microalgae. ARA and DHA are the most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acids found in breast milk, and they are the most important fatty acids used in the development of brain gray matter. They are especially desirable for use in infant formulas because they come from nonmeat sources and can be advertised as vegetarian additives to the product. 

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