Facilitization waste disposal

Concern about nuclear power is usually focused on the highly toxic and radioactive spent fuel and nuclear waste. What is characteristic of these, however, in addition to their toxicity and radioactivity, is that they are limited in volume, which facilitates waste disposal. This contrasts sharply with the waste disposal problem for fossil-fuelled plants. 

Consumption of transuranics in a closed fuel cycle, thus reducing the radiotoxidty and heat load, which facilitates waste disposal and geologic isolation and... 

The method for HCCP has been used routinely by industry over the past year to determine employee exposures to the compound in air (16). The method has been reported to be reliable. Its application has also facilitated planning for engineering controls. Plans are underway to employ the method developed for HCCP in personal monitoring and perimeter sampling during the cleanup of waste disposal sites (17, 18). In this endeavor, the method will also be employed to determine other volatile chlorinated compounds that are likely to be present including tetra-chloroethylene, trichloroethylene, hexachlorobenzene, hexachloro-ethane, and HCBD. 

To facilitate an overview of the characteristics of the individual models, a presentation as an X-Y chart has been chosen, which allows to show all the properties at a glance. On the Y-axis the processes are drawn, their location is visible on the X-axis. The processes are also indicated by symbols. The supplier (or supply, "S"), the user (or use "U") and the waste manager (or waste disposal "W") are indicated on both axes pointing out where which activity takes place. Colours indicate the ownership of the substance and the plant in the various phases. The colour of the symbol area denotes the owner of the substance, the colour of the symbol frame indicates the owner of the plant. Finally, a coloured dot in the symbol shows who operates the plant. The arrows between the symbols indicate the movement from one location to another while an eventual outer frame around the symbols shows the possibility of bundling plants at one single location (Fig. 1). 

It was found that IPCR allowed for a 100-1000-fold improvement of sensitivity while using a nonradioactive method, thus facilitating laboratory handling, waste disposal, and environmental consciousness in assay performance. 

In its recommendations, IAEA emphasizes that waste classification, even if it focuses on waste disposal, does not provide an adequate substitute for site-specific safety assessments of particular disposal systems to ensure the acceptability of waste disposal. IAEA also recognizes the role of national authorities in implementing waste classification systems and ensuring the safety of waste disposal, and that different countries may choose to classify waste in different ways depending on their particular situations. However, IAEA believes that, if for no other reason than to facilitate communication, it would be desirable to achieve some level of uniformity of waste classification systems in different countries. IAEA recommends that it is particularly important to obtain an international consensus on the boundary for determining unconditionally exempt material that may be transferred from one country to another, especially for purposes of recycle/reuse. 

NCRP reiterates that the risk-based waste classification system developed in this Report does not, and cannot, obviate the need to establish waste acceptance criteria at each hazardous waste disposal site based on the characteristics of the site, the particular disposal technology, and characteristics of the wastes that are intended for disposal at the site. NCRP expects that most waste that would be assigned to a particular class will be acceptable for disposal using the associated type of disposal technology indicated in Figure 6.1. However, the disposal capabilities of particular sites and engineered systems can vary substantially and can depend on the waste characteristics. The primary function of any waste classification system is to facilitate development of cost-effective approaches to waste management and disposal and effective communication on waste matters (see Section 2.1.2). 

Existing hazardous waste classification systems frequently include subclassifications of basic waste classes to facilitate waste management (see Sections 2.2.4, 4.1.2 and 6.6). Examples include Class-A, -B, and -C commercial low-level waste and remotely-handled and contact-handled transuranic waste. These waste subclassifications are not expected to be significantly affected by a risk-based classification system unless particular wastes would not be generally acceptable for the disposal using the intended technology. For example, there is no inherent incompatibility with the system... 

Many mills bum this wood waste in boilers to obtain heat energy for process steam, and to alleviate possible solid waste disposal problems. These waste wood boilers are known as "hog-fuel" boilers. A base load of supplemental fuel of some kind is required in hog-fuel boilers, because the significant variations of the size, moisture content, and heating value of the wood waste may not allow consistent boiler performance. Supplemental fuel facilitates uniform boiler combustion, and ensures that a minimum amount of power is generated regardless of the fuel value of the wood waste at any one time. 

Most environmentally friendly route. Ideally, the atoms of the substrate and any additional reagents used for the reaction should appear in the final product, called atom economy " —no by-products are formed, isolation of desired product is facilitated, and waste disposal is minimized (e.g., the Diels-Alder reaction and metal-catalyzed reactions such as the example below... 

Ingenuity in the handling and utilization of these kinds of wastes can be in-house [70], or may be facilitated by good communication between companies with potentially useful waste streams available. The setting up of waste trading exchanges [71], or the establishment of an independent waste disposal company [72] can help to achieve optimum codisposal options for a wide variety of wastes. 

Pneumatically powered devices fitted with a wide range of dosing needles are available for application of even the tiniest amounts of adhesive. Fig. 8. This means a high level of consistency in the adhesive amounts and surface areas - an important precondition for uniformly reproducible adhesive strength levels. Also, loss and waste of adhesive is minimized in such applications, so that very little waste disposal is required. Boiling in alkaline solutions completely depolymerizes and dissolves the adhesive. This facilitates reprocessing or dismantling of adhesively joined structural components. 

The use of tracers enables industries and cities to control or reduce pollution before it occurs. Measuring the time-of-travel (mean velocity) of rivers and streams and the mixing of those waters into lakes and oceans helps to indicate where to discharge waste, when to discharge it, and at what rate. Tracers have been used, for instance, in San Francisco Bay and in Chesapeake Bay to facilitate correct waste disposal in those waters. 

In the year 2000, the EU also instituted a broader approach of requiring that packaging adhere to what are referred to as essential requirements related to source reduction, minimal presence of hazardous substances, and the design and production to facilitate recovery, reuse, and recycling. Adoption of standards necessary to enforce the requirements is up to individual member states. Some countries have issued detailed standards (UK, Erance, Czech Republic) but the others have only much more general language [7]. In much of the developing world, open dumps are still a common method of waste disposal, even in major urban areas. The appreciable... 

To stabilise or reduce the production of waste destined for final disposal, over an agreed time-frame, by formulating goals based on waste weight, volume and composition and to induce separation to facilitate waste recycling and re-use... 

Clays, like most other natural substances, have some beneficial and some hazardous impacts on the environment. As described in Part 1, clays have a tendeney to adsorb and immobilize ions. This property enables clays to remove ions of pollutants and contaminants from leachates and waste water, thus reducing pollution and contamination. It also facilitates the use of clays in different pollution control measures like carriers of pesticides, liners in waste disposal etc. Clays can also be used in nuclear waste management clay buffers are built from smectite-rich clays into which the containers of radioactive wastes can be safely disposed (Pusch, 2006). 

In site characterization and other research related to waste disposal, novel and non-validated investigation methods must occasionally be employed. It is then difficult to fulfill all die requirements of quality assurance. However, one should adhere to good plaiming and documentation of eiqieriments in order to facilitate later traceability of the results. 

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