Tissue fluid

The degree to which inhaled gases, vapors, and particulates are absorbed, and hence their potential to produce systemic toxicity, depends on their solubihty in tissue fluids, any metaboHsm by lung tissue, diffusion rates, and equiUbrium state. 

The basal metabolic rate for adults is 1 to 1.2 Calories/minute or 60 to 72 Calories/hour. This energy powers the movement of the chest during respiration and the beating of the heart—processes that are obviously necessary for life. However, a surprisingly large fraction of the BMR is used by cells to maintain ionic gradients between their interior and the fluid that surrnunds them (the interstitial fluid nr tissue fluid). 

A surgical implant is constantly bathed in extracellular tissue fluid. Basically water, this fluid contains electrolytes, complex compounds, oxygen and carbon dioxide. Electrolytes present in the largest amounts are sodium (Na ) and chloride (Cl ) ions. Most of the fluids existing in the body (such as blood, plasma and lymph) have a chloride content (and pH) somewhat similar to that of sea water (about 5 to 20g/l and pH about 8) . 

In 1971, Hiatt et al. found that polyethylene oxide (PEO) of molecular weight about 100000 prevented the adsorption of rabies virus to porous glass with an average pore diameter of 1250 A. The support was modified by passage of one void volume of 0.4% solution of the polymer in water, followed by 5 or more volumes of distilled water or buffered salt solution. The virus was effectively purified from the admixtures of brain tissue fluid by means of size-exclusion chromatography on the modified glass column [28]. 

Regulation of water balance through the effects of blood on the exchange of water between the circulating fluid and the tissue fluid... 

This is composed of the sodium and ealeium salts of alginic add formed into a powder or fibrous material and sterilized by autoelaving. It aids clotting by forming a sodium-caldum alginate complex in contact with tissue fluids, acting principally as a mechanical haemostat. It is relatively slowly absorbed and some residues may occasionally remain in the tissues. 

Thomas and Hill (16) showed that sulfur dioxide fumigation of alfalfa increased the sulfate content of the leaves. In later work Thomas et al. (H) reported that the pH of alfalfa leaf tissue fluids was lowered 0.3 pH unit after fumigation with sulfur dioxide. Similar responses occur when lemons are incubated in sulfur dioxide gas, or when they are treated with elemental sulfur or with hydrogen sulfide (18). Likewise lemons treated with dilute sulfuric acid gave similar responses. 

Figure 1. Titration Curves of Leaf Tissue Fluids of Sulfur Burn-Susceptible and Sulfur Burn-Resistant Muskmelon Leaves...

Although most drugs are absorbed from the intestine by the blood capillary network in the villi, they can also be taken up by the lymphatic system (an integral and necessary part of the vascular system, the function of which is to collect extra tissue fluid and return it to the vascular compartment), particularly by M cells that reside in the Peyer s patch regions of the intestine. Peyer s patches have also been implicated in the regulation of the secretory immune response. Wachsmann et al. [277] reported that an antigenic material encapsulated within a liposome, when administered perorally, is taken up by these M cells and exhibited better saliva and serum IgA (primary and secondary)... 

All steps in fixation and tissue processing involve exchange of fluids in the three-dimensional space of the specimen. At the start of fixation, tissue fluid (mostly water) is inside the specimen, while fixative molecules are on the outside. Ignoring for the moment the actual structure of the tissue and the effect a fixative may have upon it, assume that the specimen is like a porous sponge filled with water. To enter this system, a fixative molecule must replace a molecule of water. Diffusion is the driving force when two different liquids meet, there is a gradual equalization in the distribution of their molecules. Ideally, at the end of the process, the concentration of one in the other will be the same both inside and outside the specimen. 

In addition to milk, a range of recombinant proteins have been expressed in various other targeted tissues/fluids of transgenic animals. Antibodies and other proteins have been produced in the blood of transgenic pigs and rabbits. This mode of production, however, is unlikely to be pursued industrially for a number of reasons ... 

E4. Ellis, H., Wilson, C., and Muirbead, A., Evidence of tbe presence of a pitressin-like substance in the tissue fluids in nephrosis. Acta Paediat. 45, 77-84 (1956). 

Concurrently with experiments on animals, the action of the phosphorofluoridates on enzymes was investigated in Cambridge.3 It was shown in 1942 that esters of phosphorofluoridic acid inhibit4 the action of the enzyme cholinesterase, which is present in tissue fluids and hydrolyses acetylcholine to the much less active choline. 

When a wave of excitation starts at a specified point on the fibre this potential difference is abolished and reversed and the surface becomes electronegative with regard to the unexcited portions of the fibre (fig. 16). ( Depolarization coincides with a ohange in the surface of the membrane of the cell which first allows Na+ ions from the tissue fluids to pass into the cell and K+ ions to pass outwards. In the undisturbed state, the cell membrane is relatively impermeable to the Na+ ions which are kept outside and the concentration of K+ ions inside the cell is greater than in the external fluids.) This induced negativity at the excited spot causes local electrical circuits to arise and so new points of excitation are caused (Fig. lc). The passage of electrical disturbance is shown in both directions. In the body, however, the fibres are stimulated at only one end, and hence induction is in one direction. 

Kaplan AP, Horakova Z, Katz SI Assessment of tissue fluid histamine levels in patients with urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1978 61 350-354. 

Marasmus is considered to be due to inadequate food intake. It is not usually the quantity but the quality of the food that is deficient, e.g. low nutritional value of bulky vegetables. Kwashiorkor is considered to be caused, more specifically, by a low-protein diet. This condition frequently develops at the time of weaning when protein-rich milk is replaced by protein-deficient solid food. It did not appear in the medical literature until 1934 when it was reported by Cicely Williams who studied the condition while she was working among tribes of Western Africa. She gave it the name kwashiorkor, which was used by the Ga tribe to describe the condition that develops when the baby is taken away from mother s breast, usually because another baby has been bom. It has generally been held that the oedema is a consequence of a low plasma albumin concentration and a reduction in the colloid osmotic pressure which reduces the movement of water from tissue fluid back into capillaries. The low albumin level results from a decreased rate of synthesis of albumin by the liver. However, if marasmus is due entirely to lack of energy... 

The analyst (farmer, veterinarian, laboratory scientist, or any other user) saturates a cotton tipped swab with sample tissue fluids, serum, urine, or feed extract. He then firmly places the saturated cotton swab on the surface of the appropriate growth medium previously surface streaked with the working dilution of the appropriate susceptible test organism. The test is then incubated at the proper temperature overnight and observed the next day for antimicrobial activity. If there is a zone of inhibition (no growth of the test organism) around the sample swab, the test is positive no inhibition indicates that antimicrobials are absent or below detectable levels in the sample tested. 

Oxidized cellulose Oxidized cellulose is a surgical gauze treated with nitrogen dioxide. Upon contact with tissue fluids, it forms artificial clots, which support mechanical hanostasis. 

Like all examined sulfanilamides, this drug is effective in treating infections caused by streptococci, gonococci, pneumococci, staphylococci, and also colon bacillus. However, about 90% of it binds with proteins in the plasma after oral administration, and it diffuses mostly to tissues and tissue fluids, which makes it the drug of choice for many systemic infections. Synonyms of this drug are gantrisin, fultrxin, sulfazin, sulfolar, and others. 

Cresols are formed from the commonly found amino acid tyrosine, and occur naturally in human and animal tissues, fluids, and urine. Cresols are also formed as minor metabolites of toluene, and an increased presence of cresol in the body could be due to exposure to this substance. Therefore, even the cresols themselves cannot be considered to be biomarkers of cresol exposure unless very high levels are found. There is some evidence that methemoglobinemia, reduced glutathione levels in red blood cells, and Heinz body formation are associated with oral exposure to cresols in humans (Chan et al. 1971 Cote et al. 1984), but these effects are too general and occur at too high doses to be useful as biomarkers of exposure to cresols. 

Must be soluble in body tissue fluids, or be capable of formulation for injection, and then be carried around the body... 

Capillary Any one of the minute vessels that cormect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly aU parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid called also vas capillare. [EU]... 

Resistance to the sulfonamides can be the result of decreased bacterial permeability to the drug, increased production of PABA, or production of an altered dihydropteroate synthetase that exhibits low affinity for sulfonamides. The latter mechanism of resistance is plasmid mediated. Active efflux of the sulfonamides has also been reported to play a role in resistance. The inhibitory effect of the sulfonamides also can be reversed by the presence of pus, tissue fluids, and drugs that contain releasable PABA. 

Fluorine in biological tissues, fluids and related materials 535... 

DRUG MOLECULES STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES Table 1.1 pH Values for Tissue Fluids... 

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