Hazardous wastes, disposal/treatment

FIG. 25-75 Conceptual design for control cells for hazardous-waste disposal (section view). FML = flexible-membrane liner. (From Freeman, H. M., Standard Handbook of Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal, McGraw-Hill, 1988.)... 

The most important routes of exposure to endosulfan for the general population are ingestion of food and the use of tobacco products with endosulfan residues remaining after treatment. Farmers, pesticide applicators, and individuals living in the vicinity of hazardous waste disposal sites contaminated with endosulfan may receive additional exposure through dermal contact and inhalation. 

Double Liners and Leachate Collection Systems for Hazardous Waste Disposal Units Subparts M, N, and O Land Treatment, Landfills, and Incinerators... 

Eliminates costs associated with hazardous waste storage, treatment, and disposal the hazardous waste is either reclassified or deregulated as nonhazardous. 

The normal cost for treatment of soils is under 100 per ton treated. The vendor claims that this is less expensive than excavation and hauhng and eliminates the need for hazardous waste disposal and the associated liabihty (personal communication, James Roma, KEECO, 9/97). 

The restrictions on the land disposal of many wastes have increased the cost of hazardous waste disposal. The land disposal restrictions that affect metal fabricators have been in effect for several years. For example, the restrictions on the land disposal of liquid wastes containing toxic metals and/or acids began on January 1,1984 (Section 66905 CCR). These restrictions have caused increases in disposal costs since these wastes now require some form of treatment prior to land disposal. These increased waste disposal costs are viewed as a driving force for the metal finishing industry to implement waste reduction technologies. 

A generator who offers for transportation a hazardous waste for treatment, storage and/or disposal off-site must prepare a manifest before shipping the waste off-site. The manifest is a multicopied document that allows the generator and the DHS to track shipments of hazardous waste. The manifest also provides the DHS with data on waste generation throughout the state. 

New Process or Process iModification Material Substitution If the new process or process modification involves treatment of a hazardous waste, a treatment, storage and/or disposal (TSD) permit might be necessary. In some cases material substitution may constitute process modification. DHS... 

The RCRA treatment standards are available from 40 CFR Parts 261, 264, 265, 268, 271, and 302. Numerous reference guides and manuals on handling of RCRA wastes are available to environmental professionals for educated decision-making. However, one should keep in mind that hazardous waste disposal is an extremely complex process and that it is best served by hazardous waste and regulatory compliance experts who have a detailed knowledge of the applicable laws. 

Cleaning Up The law states that an unwanted by-product from a reaction is not a waste until the chemist declares it a waste. And once declared a waste, the material cannot be treated further except by a licensed waste treatment facility. So, for example, if all of the dilute dichromate waste from a laboratory were collected together, it could not be reduced chemically or reduced in volume before being carefully packed and trucked away by a hazardous waste disposal company. But if each student, as a part of the experiment, reduces the Cr " to Cr and precipitates it as the hydroxide, the total volume of hazardous waste becomes extremely small and thus can be cheaply disposed of. Throughout this text, procedures based on the best, current practice, are given for the conversion of hazardous by-products to less hazardous ones. 

Most research work on the use of supercritical water has been conducted batchwise and involved non-analytical determinative applications. Thus, supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) was proposed as an alternative treatment for hazardous waste disposal [191] and also as a commercial tool for decomposing trichloroethylene, dimethyl sulphoxide and isopropyl alcohol on a pilot plant scale [192]. Current commercially available equipment (the aqua Critox" system) is usable with industrial and municipal sludge, mixed (radioactive and organic, liquid and solid) waste and military waste. This commercially available treatment has a number of advantages, namely (a) because it uses an on-site treatment method, it avoids the need to transport hazardous materials (b) it ensures complete destruction of organic wastes and allows reuse of the effluent as process water with results that meet the regulations for drinking water and (c) no licence for effluent or air emissions is needed. 

Advance science in technology in all aspects of hazardous-waste management, treatment, and disposal. 

Rules and regulations for air quality control and/or solid waste disposal have been establ1sed for explosive In general regylatlons vary from state to state Pretreatment standards for discharge Hazardous waste thermal treatment Solid waste collection Solid waste storage and collection Fugitive dust... 

The non-stockpile program also has available to it treatment facilities that were developed for the stockpile program, as well as commercial hazardous waste disposal facilities. To adapt these facilities for the treatment of NSCWM secondary wastes, equipment modifications or permit modifications may be required, but the technical feasibility seems... 

Some treatment options, such as the use of stockpile incinerators, would destroy the non-stockpile item directly. Others, especially those involving chemical neutralization, generate liquid secondary waste streams that require further treatment before disposal. This secondary waste treatment could take place in a commercial treatment, storage, and disposal facility (TSDF) or could employ one or more of the individual alternative technologies, such as chemical oxidation, either at the site where chemical neutralization takes place or at an off-site location. If secondary waste is defined as hazardous waste, such treatment would need to be conducted at a commercial TSDF permitted or approved by the appropriate regulatory authority under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). 

Electrokinetic remediation of soil and groundwater is cost-effective and averages 200 per cubic meter. At 90 per ton, treatment by electrokinetics is generally less than excavation and disposal as hazardous waste. Electrokinetic treatment of organic contaminated soil is roughly equal in cost to some thermal technologies. As... 

Given land disposal restrictions, trends against incineration, and restrictions on storage of hazardous wastes, alternative treatment methods such as electrokinetics are increasingly given consideration for the treatment of hazardous waste site... 

Rapid industrial development and the diversified character of the world economy today have led to large volumes of different types of wastewaters. Also, hazardous waste disposal has become a leading environmental issue. Many industrial processes generate polluted wastewater that require necessary treatment to meet environmental regulations prior to discharge into receiving waters. 

Mixed waste produced at university, hospital, and medical research laboratories is typically a mixture of a low-level radioactive waste and chemically hazardous waste. Mixed waste from nuclear and energy research laboratories can include both low- and high-level (e.g., spent nuclear fuels) radioactive materials combined with chemically hazardous waste. Disposal options for mixed waste are usually very expensive. For many types of mixed waste, there are no management options other than indefinite storage on site, or at an approved facility, in the hope that treatment or disposal options will be created in the near future. 

High metal concentrations in the ash can render the ash a hazardous waste, making treatment of the ash before disposal necessary. 

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