Disposal, of radioactive wastes,

In comparison with most other analytical techniques, radiochemical methods are usually more expensive and require more time to complete an analysis. Radiochemical methods also are subject to significant safety concerns due to the analyst s potential exposure to high-energy radiation and the need to safely dispose of radioactive waste. 

The disposal of radioactive waste is governed by rules of the NRC and the EPA (19). NRC regulations differ for low level waste and for high level waste, including spent fuel (20). 

J. E. Till and H. R. Meyer, eds.. Radiological Assessment, A Textbook on Environmental Dose Analysis, NUREG/CR-3332, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washiagton, D.C., 1983 Disposal of Radioactive Waste Review of S afety Assessment Methods, Nuclear Energy Agency, Paris, 1991. 

Governs the keeping and use of radioactive substances and the storage and disposal of radioactive waste. 

Savage, 1ed. (1995). The Scientific and Rcgulatoiy Basis for the Geologieal Disposal of Radioactive Waste. New York Wiley Sons. 

Disposal of radioactive wastes from nuclear reactors has proved to he a serious political problem. The NIMBY syndrome (not in my backyard) applies here. 

Geologic Disposal of Radioactive Waste" OECD Nuclear Energy Agency Paris, 1982. 

Beninson, D., Vander Elst, E. and Cancio, D. (1966). Biological aspects in the disposal of fission products in surface waters, page 337 in Disposal of Radioactive Wastes into Seas, Oceans and Surface Waters, IAEA Publication No. STI/PUB/126 (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna). 

Caution Handle all radioactive substances according to the radiation safety regulations instituted at each facility approved to handle such materials. Use adequate precautions to protect personal safety and the environment. Dispose of radioactive waste only by following approved guidelines. 

Atomic Energy Control Board. 1987. GRegulatory objectives, requirements and guidelines for the disposal of radioactive wastes - long-term aspects. Ottawa, Canada. 

In common with the programs of other countries, AECL intends to develop and demonstrate the technology for the disposal of radioactive waste produced in the operation of nuclear electric generating stations. Two basic options are available as shown in Figure 1. Following storage either at the reactor sites or at a central storage facility one may ... 

The beneficial use of radiation is one of the best examples of how careful characterization of the hazard is essential for its safe use. A radioactive substance can be safely stored or transported if appropriately contained. Depending on the characteristics of the radioactive material, it can be safely handled by using appropriate shielding and safety precautions. Laboratory workers usually wear special badges that quantify radiation exposure to ensure that predetermined levels of exposure, which are considered safe, are not exceeded. Unfortunately, after more than 50 years, society has not yet been able to design and implement a safe way to dispose of radioactive waste. The hazardous properties of radiation are explored further in a subsequent chapter. 

Partial financial support by the National Cooperative for the Disposal of Radioactive Waste (Nagra) and the comments of two anonymous reviewers are gratefully acknowledged. 

SC 64-8 Ocean Disposal of Radioactive Waste SC 64-9 Effects of Radiation on Aquatic Organisms SC 64-10 Xenon SC 64-11 Low Level Waste... 

Over the last twenty years, significant research and development has been performed concerning the ultimate disposal mechanism for radioactive waste. In 1957, the National Academy of Sciences recommended that deep beds of bedded salt be considered as potential locations for the disposal of radioactive waste materials. Following this recommendation a program of research and development was undertaken by the Atomic Energy Commission (AEG) to explore this approach. The high point of this program was the operation of Project Salt Vault in an abandoned salt mine in Lyons, Kansas. 

Because the disposal of radioactive waste is becoming increasingly expensive, nonradioactive probes have been developed. One of the most successful is based on the vitamin biotin (see p. 379), which can be chemically coupled to the nucleotides used to synthesize the probe. Biotin was chosen because it binds very tenaciously to... 

Attention must also be given to the disposal of radioactive wastes resulting from the experiment, such as excreta, carcasses, or large volumes of solutions. The possible method of disposal will depend on the specific radioisotope present, its concentration and activity, and the nature of the waste. 

One of the most important applications of nuclear and radiochemistry is in the area of nuclear power. Chemistry and chemical processes are intimately involved in reactor operation, the preparation and processing of reactor fuel, and the storage and ultimate disposal of radioactive waste. In this chapter, we shall examine some of the most important chemistry associated with nuclear power. 

Figure 16.11 Water dilution volume for radionuclides in PWR spent fuel. (From National Research Council, A Study of the Isolation System for Geologic Disposal of Radioactive Waste, NAS, Washington, 1983.)...

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