Wastes and Disposal

From the aqueous processes, the main process wastes are the residnes and washings arising at the end of processing runs. These generally contain latex and resin, but are usually much less concentrated than the normal dips. Snch residnes are sometimes accepted by the Water Authorities for treatment, provided that the pH, total solids and chemical oxygen demand fall within the limits of Consent to Discharge. Freqnently, it is necessary 

With the solvent processes, again the disposal of waste solvents and spreading compound doughs has to be handled as special wastes , although often, recovery of the solvents themselves is feasible. 

From all of these systems, there remains the disposal of the process waste treated fabric, from seams, ends, etc. These can be used for certain applications, by shredding the treated textile and using it as a semi-reinforcing and bulking filler in rubber products such as dustbin lids, traffic cones, and so on. 

Rijpkema and W. E. Weening, Proceedings of the 144th ACS Rubber Division Meeting (IRC 93), Orlando, FL, USA, 1993, Paper No.l42. 

Test Method for Strap Peel Adhesion of Reinforcing Cords or Fabrics to Rubber Compounds, 2002. 

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Other options for eliminating weapons-grade plutonium arc to seal it permanently in solid radioactive waste and dispose of it in waste repositories, and to use the plutonium to fuel fast neutron reactors (without reprocessing the plutonium into a MOX fuel). 

To reduce the amount of waste and disposal costs, drill cuttings are increasingly being reinjected into the formations from which they came. 

Legislative controls are generally applicable to the various forms of wastes and disposal routes. 

The solid material containing chromium waste was placed in a container for heavy metal wastes and disposed ol by a commercial service according to approved procedures... 

Dissolve 50 mg of nickel ammonium sulfate per ml of deionized water. Apply 1ml of nickel solution per ml of gel to the column. Note The metal salt and all solutions containing it should be considered hazardous waste and disposed of according to relevant environmental regulations. 

Endrin and endrin aldehyde are listed as hazardous wastes and disposal of wastes is controlled by a number of federal regulations. Past disposal methods have included landfills (EPA 1987c). Chemical treatment (reductive dechlorination) and incineration are possible disposal methods (HSDB 1995 IRPTC 1985). Existing information on disposal appears adequate. No information was found on disposal of endrin ketone however, because endrin is no longer used in the United States, current levels of endrin ketone in wastes should be minimal and additional information on disposal is not needed. 

TNB is classified as an ERA hazardous waste and disposal must be carried out according to ERA regulations (HSDB 1994). Wastes generated in the manufacture of explosive components such as 1,3- DNB and 1,3,5-TNB are also characterized as hazardous wastes and ERA regulations for disposal must be followed (ERA 1990a). For more information on the regulations that apply to... 

Volume of contaminated waste and disposal costs are reduced. 

Dr. Karel Lemmens, SCK.CEN, Waste and Disposal Department, Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium. 

Wills, J. (2000) Muddied Waters a Survey of Offshore Oil Field Drilling Wastes and Disposal Techniques to Reduce The ecological Impacts of Sea Dumping Sakhalin Environment Watch, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Russia, pp. 139. 

The precipitant and the ion exchange resin are treated as hazardous waste and disposed of in accordance with the Washington State Dangerous Waste Regulations(WAC 173-303). 

Table 1.2—Summary of characteristics of radioactive wastes and disposal options in waste classification system... 

Similarly, PBCDF agent-contaminated scrap metal that has been thermally decontaminated and further cleaned to remove loose residue may be managed as a hazardous waste and disposed of at a permitted RCRA TSDF or, alternatively, managed as scrap metal and recycled exclusively by smelting (ADEQ, 2006). 

Modern science and industry have provided a growing supply of material products. When they reach the end of their useful life, they become solid waste, and disposing of it has become a growing problem. Worst of all is over-packaging to stimulate sales, so discarded packaging is the major contributor to this solid waste. Plastics are not the major component of solid waste but because of their low density, bright colors, and relative weather-resistance, they are the most obvious component. It would be desirable to remove them from solid waste by recycling. 

If solvents are purchased in bulk (drams) they will normally need to be redistilled even for routine laboratory use. Large stills (about 5 litres) will normally be required for this purpose. Typical solvents requiring such stills are petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane and other solvents according to particular needs. There are many problems associated with routine distillation of all lab solvents stills take up valuable space large stills are hazardous the process is time consuming redistilled solvents are not always available when needed there is always a considerable volume of solvent wasted and disposing of these residues costs money. We have found that it is generally more efficient and cost effective to purchase bottled solvents that are sufficiently pure for routine use without distillation. We... 

Equipment cleaning is often done by outside contractors with specialized equipment. Frequently, those contractors assume responsibility for hauling away the waste and disposing of it properly. (Of course, this will be reflected in the cost for the service.)... 

In addition to cleaning all accessible work zone surfaces, the Class II BSC worksurface tray should be lifted up and back, and the area under the tray should be thoroughly cleaned with the same frequency as the other user-accessible worksurfaces this is of particular importance in preventing the buildup of potentially harmful product residues. All materials used in cleaning and sanitizing should be treated as toxic waste, and disposed of in accordance with state and local... 

Land pollution from mining wastes and disposal of scrubber sludge, i.e., calcium sulfate... 

High product-selectivity and atom-utilization will minimize waste and disposal cost. High process efficiency will cut operating cost. The new processes will be safe and profitable at the same time. 

Once a munition is placed inside the explosion containment vessel and its hinged door is closed and secured with clamps, shaped charges are used to open the munition and detonate any explosives within it. Chemical reagents are then introduced to treat the chemical agent within the munition nntil agent quantities are rednced to acceptable levels. The hqnid nentralent is then treated as a hazardons waste and disposed of. 

Environmental - Minimization of wastes and disposal requirements - Minimization of resource consumption - Entrainmenl/spread of contaminants and pollutants in recyclates - In some areas, recyclate production and processing contaminates the environment more than new products... 

For consumer electronics companies, there is a risk to future sales. The landfill issues could rise as much as 500 percent and will be a barrier to driving new sales. As a result, waste and disposal needs to be adopted as the fourth moment of truth in the supply chain. Companies need to take ownership of disposal and design systems for demanufacturing and remanufacturing into the value network. CSR initiatives are here to stay. 

For the chemical supply chain, the focus will be on biohazardous waste and the reduction of bioterrorism. Packaging and transportation policies will be transformed. For high-tech and electronics, it will be about waste and disposal. This will be an impetus for remanufacturing processes. 

For reprobing destain the membranes in a few mL of dimethylformamide at 65 C (4 collect the waste and dispose according to local safety regulations see Note 12). Wash the probe off at 50°C by shaking in two changes of 0.4M NaOH for 5 min each followed by two 5 min washes in neutralization solution. Either store the blots in 2X SSC at 4°C or use them for further hybridizations as described. 

Toxic chemicals or compounds of unknown toxicity should never be smelled. Procedures involving volatile toxic substances and operations involving solid or liquid toxic substances that may result in the generation of aerosols should be conducted in a laboratory hood. Dusts should be recognized as potentially contaminated and hazardous. Hoods should not be used for disposal of hazardous volatile materials by evaporation. Such materials should be treated as chemical waste and disposed of in appropriate containers in accord with institutional procedures. 

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