Incineration waste disposal

Include in these economics the cost of handling the off-spec material. This may require reworking, incineration, waste disposal or selling at a reduced price. 

Hogue LD. Refractories for the Refining Industry, Advances in Refractories for Incinerators, Waste Disposal and Petrochemical Applications, 27th Annual Symposium on Refractories, St. Louis Section. The American Ceramic Society, May 23-24, 1991. 

Another factor potentially affecting the market for halogenated fire retardants is the waste disposal of plastics (see Wastes, industrial). As landfiU availabihty declines or becomes less popular, two alternatives are incineration and recycling (qv). The nature of the combustion products from halogenated products requires carefiil constmction and maintenance of incinerators (qv) to avoid damage to the incinerator itself and a pubHc health problem from the exhaust. The ease of recycling used products also has a potential effect on fire retardants. 

The need to meet environmental regulations can affect processing costs. Undesirable air emissions may have to be eliminated and Hquid effluents and soHd residues treated and disposed of by incineration or/and landfilling. It is possible for biomass conversion processes that utilize waste feedstocks to combine waste disposal and treatment with energy and/or biofuel production so that credits can be taken for negative feedstock costs and tipping or receiving fees. 

Emissions During Disposal and Incineration. The increasing use of modem incinerators to dispose of domestic waste results in complete combustion of plasticizers to carbon dioxide and water. The preponderance of plasticizer going into landfiUs is as plasticized PVC. Once a landfiU has been capped anaerobic conditions prevail and it is biologically relatively inactive. Under these conditions the main route by which organic components are removed from the landfiU contents is by ingress of water, extraction, and subsequent loss of water from the site to the environment. 

The level of natural versus man-made emissions to the environment are of a similar magnitude. SoH erosion is the major contributor of natural emissions with zinc mining, zinc production facHities, iron and steel production, corrosion of galvanized stmctures, coal and fuel combustion, waste disposal and incineration, and the use of zinc fertilizers and pesticides being the principal anthropogenic contributors. 

Hypalon raw polymer compounds or cured product may be disposed of in an approved landfill. Incineration is not recommended because of the evolution of toxic gases. Additional information is available from Du Pont concerning these and other potential health hazards when handling Hypalon compounds, finished products, thermal decomposition products, or waste disposal (43). 

Sohd wastes are treated in a soHd waste disposal area to reduce thein volume and or toxicity prior to final disposal in a secured landfill. Combustible wastes can be incinerated in a slagging rotary kiln to reduce volume and toxicity. 

Baird is the 20-acre site of a former chemical mixing and batching company. Poor waste disposal practices resulted in the contamination of groundwater, soil, the municipal water supply, and a brook adjacent to the site. Over one hundred contaminants, including chlorinated and nonchlorinated volatile organics, heavy metals, pesticides, herbicides, and dioxins, had been identified in site soil and groundwater. Remediation activities included soil excavation and incineration, and groundwater treatment (the audit focused on the soil excavation and incineration... 

Liquid injection incinerators are currently the most commonly used type of incinerator for hazardous waste disposal. A wide variety of units are marketed today, mainly horizontally and vertically fired types a less common unit is the tangentially fired vortex combustor. 

Waste management is a field that involves tlie reduction, stabilization, and ultimate disposal of waste. Waste reduction is tlie practice of minimizing file amount of material tliat requires disposal. Some of the common ways in which waste reduction is accomplished are incineration, compaction, and dewatering. The object of waste disposal is to isolate tlie material from tlie biosphere, and in the case of radioactive wtiste, allow it time to decay to sufficiently safe levels. 

An Ecoprofile is an assessment of the environmental and resource impacts of a waste disposal process. This paper describes ecoprofiles for six different ways of disposing the plastic fraction in municipal solid waste -two material recycling processes that include separation of the plastic waste, material recycling without separation of the plastic waste, pyrolysis, incineration with heat recovery, and landfill. 17 refs. 

This article reports on a full-scale study of the incineration of plasties with ordinary municipal waste, conducted in Germany by APME. The results, which indicate that burning waste plastics does less damage to the environment than other waste disposal methods, are commented upon by the plastics industry, and environmentalists. 

Researehers at the University of Kentueky estimate that, at the current rate of plasties waste disposal in the USA, over 80 million barrels of oil could be produced. Unfortunately, only 3.7% of plastics waste was recycled out of 22 million tons collected in 1990 the rest was incinerated or ended up in landfills. Details are given. 

Solid waste can be burnt in suitable incinerators or disposed by burial at licensed land-fill sites. As for liquid wastes, the dumping of toxic solid waste at sea is now not acceptable. 

Production, Import/Export, Use, Release, and Disposal. Hexachloroethane is not manufactured for commercial distribution in the United States (Gordon et al. 1991 IARC 1979 Santodonato et al. 1985). However, current production as a by-product and import information are not available. Current uses of this chemical and the amounts consumed by each use, including militaiy uses, were not located. This information would be helpful in assessing potential exposure to workers and the general population. The amount of the chemical disposed of by industrial facilities was reported to EPA (TRI93 1995), but information on quantities of hexachloroethane-containing wastes disposed of by military facilities was not located. Rotary kiln or fluidized bed incineration are acceptable methods for disposal of waste containing hexachloroethane (HSDB 1995). 

Other disposal options for the sewage sludge are landfill, dumping at sea (forbidden in the EU since 1998) [30], and incineration. The most popular for solid waste disposal is landfill. However, many of the disposal sites are open dumps without protective barriers or leachate-collection systems, which represent a potential risk to the quality of the nearby groundwater. 

Approved Methods of Waste Disposal Decontamination of waste or excess material shall be accomplished according to procedures outlined above and can be destroyed by incineration in EPA approved incinerators according to appropriate provisions of federal, state, and local Resource Conservation Act (RCRA) regulations. Note Some decontamination solutions are hazardous waste according to RCRA regulations and must be disposed of according to these regulations. 

Waste Disposal Method Open pit burning or burying of VX or items containing or contaminated with VX in any quantity is prohibited. The detoxified VX(using procedures above) can be thermally destroyed by in a EPA approved incinerator according to appropriate provisions of Federal, State, or local Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations. 

WASTE DISPOSAL METHOD All decontaminated material should be collected, contained and chemically decontaminated or thermally decomposed in an EPA approved incinerator, which will filter or scrub toxic by-products from effluent air before discharge to the atmosphere. Any contaminated protective clothing should be decontaminated using HTH or bleach and analyzed to assure it is free of detectable contamination (3X) level. The clothing should then be sealed in plastic bags inside properly labeled drums and held for shipment back to the DA issue point. Decontamination of waste or excess material shall be accomplished in accordance with the procedures outlined above with the following exception ... 

Waste disposal Substances with a service life will eventually enter the waste disposal stage where treatment by incineration or removal to landfill may occur. Recovery may also occur and further assessments may be required for use of the recovered material... 

In addition to the phasing out of waste disposal into waterways and the ocean, the renewed interest in land application of wastes in the past 20 years is partly to use them because of the need to conserve water and nutrient resources and to use them efficiently and because of the high costs of incineration and landfilling. 

Because of the highly toxic nature of many tin compounds all tin residues from these reactions, including those extracted by aqueous washing, were collected together by the submitters and dispatched to a licensed chemical waste disposal unit for burning in a chemical incinerator, equipped with an afterburner and scrubbers. 

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