Hazardous waste disposal methods

Wastes contaminated with aniline may be Hsted as RCRA Hazardous Waste, and if disposal is necessary, the waste disposal methods used must comply with U.S. federal, state, and local water poUution regulations. The aniline content of wastes containing high concentrations of aniline can be recovered by conventional distillation. Biological disposal of dilute aqueous aniline waste streams is feasible if the bacteria are acclimated to aniline. Aniline has a 5-day BOD of 1.89 g of oxygen per gram of aniline. 

Table 13.16 sets out the major waste disposal methods, and potential hazards from toxic waste deposition are indicated in Table 13.17. The range of precautions required at land tips depends upon the risk, e.g. the nature and degree of contamination and the work to be undertaken. It will, however, encompass personal protective equipment a high standard of personal hygiene enclosure, possibly pressurization, and regular cleaning of vehicle cabs vehicle washing facilities site security, and control of designated dirty areas. Air monitoring and medical surveillance may be required.

Revegetation is a cost-effective method to stabilize the surface of hazardous waste disposal sites, especially when preceded by capping and grading. Revegetation decreases erosion by wind and water and contributes to the development of a naturally fertile and stable surface environment. It may be part of a long-term site reclamation project, or it may be used on a temporary or seasonal basis to stabilize intermediate cover surfaces at waste disposal sites. 

WASTE DISPOSAL METHOD Disposal methods for waste DS2 and accumulated spill cleanup residues must comply with RCRA, state, and local hazardous waste regulations and procedures. If the wastes are corrosive, they have the EPA Hazardous Waste Number... 

A question of some importance, of course, is the method of disposal of these hazardous wastes. At one time, the two most popular methods of disposal were landfill and impoundment in surface bodies of water especially built to hold such wastes. Both of these methods pose serious problems, however, as hazardous wastes can sometimes evaporate into the air or soak into the ground and contaminate both surface water and groundwater. Some of the most deplorable cases of environmental pollution in the last century have been associated with one or the other of these two methods of hazardous waste disposal. 

For the purpose of developing the waste classification system described in Section 1.4.1, a simple method of evaluating risks to the public posed by radionuclides and hazardous chemicals in waste is needed. The term risk generally refers to the probability of harm, combined with the potential severity of that harm. In the context of hazardous waste disposal, risk is the probability of a response in an individual or the frequency of a response in a population taking into... 

Most research work on the use of supercritical water has been conducted batchwise and involved non-analytical determinative applications. Thus, supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) was proposed as an alternative treatment for hazardous waste disposal [191] and also as a commercial tool for decomposing trichloroethylene, dimethyl sulphoxide and isopropyl alcohol on a pilot plant scale [192]. Current commercially available equipment (the aqua Critox" system) is usable with industrial and municipal sludge, mixed (radioactive and organic, liquid and solid) waste and military waste. This commercially available treatment has a number of advantages, namely (a) because it uses an on-site treatment method, it avoids the need to transport hazardous materials (b) it ensures complete destruction of organic wastes and allows reuse of the effluent as process water with results that meet the regulations for drinking water and (c) no licence for effluent or air emissions is needed. 

Other negative aspects of mercury compounds are high human toxicity and the expense of hazardous waste disposal. During method development of EPA Method 532 (for PUHs), copper sulfate has been successfully used as an antimicrobial agent. " Later, another effective strategy for analyte preservation will be illustrated. 

DISPOSAL AND STORAGE METHODS contain and dispose of chlorinated diphenyl oxide as a hazardous waste disposal should be in accordance with federal, state, and local environmental regulations store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area keep away from any area where the fire hazard may be acute store to avoid contact with strong oxidizers. 

DISPOSAL AND STORAGE METHODS whatever cannot be saved for recovery or recycling should be managed in an appropriate hazardous waste disposal facility dispose of container and unused contents in accordance with federal, state, and local requirements store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location separate from strong oxidants, acids, food and feedstuffs. 

DISPOSAL AND STORAGE METHODS recycle, if possible otherwise use hazardous waste disposal site soluble nickel compounds may be disposed of in tightly sealed containers and secured in a sanitary landfill store in a cool, dry location storage should be in tightly closed containers. 

It may be destroyed in several ways. One method is as follows (Aldrich 1995). The solid or its solution is dissolved or diluted in large volume of water. Diluted acetic acid or acetone is then slowly added to this solution in a well-ventilated area. Hydrogen generated from decomposition of borohydride should be carefully vented out. The pH is adjusted to 1. The solution is then allowed to stand for several hours. It is then neutralized to 7, and the solution is then evaporated to dryness. The residue is then buried in a landfill site approved for hazardous waste disposal. Sodium borohydride may be destroyed in the laboratory by alternative methods mentioned for other hydrides. 

Although the sewer was the traditional dumping ground for many liquid laboratory wastes, such disposal is now out of the question for most waste chemicals and carries heavy penalties. Nevertheless, not all chemical waste is hazardous, and some may be disposed of in the sanitary sewer under carefully defined conditions. RCRA also controls and defines the in-laboratory treatment of hazardous wastes. Some methods for treatment, most of which may require a permit, are discussed in Chapter 7. 

Section 3005. The section requires the EPA to issue permits to aU operators of hazardous waste disposal facilities. These permits specify the type and amoimt of waste and processes allowed for a particular site. They also state the methods of disposal for particidar wastes. 

Hazardous-waste disposal is the cradle-to-grave management of materials that threaten human health and the environment. Hazardous wastes are ubiquitous and their proper disposal is a global issue. In fact, industrialized nations are stiU involved in cleanup of hazardous wastes that contaminated land and waters before disposal laws were adopted and enforced. One method of recycling hazardous waste sites is to clean up the wastes and designate the land as a brownfield site that can be reused by commercial and industrial enterprises. 

C. Waste disposal methods Waste material shall be disposed of in a manner that is not hazardous to employees or to the general population. Spills of acrylonitrile and flushing of such spills shall be channeled for appropriate treatment or collection for disposal. They shall not be channeled directly into the sanitary sewer system. In selecting the method of waste disposal, applicable local. State, and Federal regulations should be consulted. 

During the past 30 years many new solvents for inorganic deposits were developed. Low hazard corrosion inhibitors have replaced some of the more toxic materials used to protect the structural surfaces during cleaning. Development of nuclear cleaning methods has extended the life of some very valuable nuclear generating plants. New waste disposal methods have enabled the industry to continue to operate, but have required new chemicals to be developed. Modest improvements for cleaning CP/R equipment include ways to remove FeS and we have seen the development of more environmentally friendly solvents. 

A significant benefit of the composite method is a reduction of waste material by virtue of removing the bulk of the paint without having to use abrasive media for residual paint. This advantage reduces hazardous waste disposal costs by as much as 50%. 

Thorium, uranium, and plutonium are well known for their role as the basic fuels (or sources of fuel) for the release of nuclear energy (5). The importance of the remainder of the actinide group Hes at present, for the most part, in the realm of pure research, but a number of practical appHcations are also known (6). The actinides present a storage-life problem in nuclear waste disposal and consideration is being given to separation methods for their recovery prior to disposal (see Waste treati nt, hazardous waste Nuclear reactors, waste managet nt). 

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