Hazardous waste treatment and disposal

Freeman, H. M., Standard Handbook of Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1989. 

FREEMAN Standard Handbook of Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal... 

FIG. 25-75 Conceptual design for control cells for hazardous-waste disposal (section view). FML = flexible-membrane liner. (From Freeman, H. M., Standard Handbook of Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal, McGraw-Hill, 1988.)... 

DeCicco SG,Troxler WL (1989) In Freeman HM (ed) Standard handbook of hazardous waste treatment and disposal. McGraw-Hill, New York... 

Johnson, L. D. James, R. H. (1989). Sampling and analysis of hazardous wastes. In Standard Handbook of Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal, ed. H. M. Freeman, pp. 13.3-13-44. New York McGraw-Hill. 

Properties of water at 250 atm. (From Modell, M., in Standard Handbook of Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal, Freeman, Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1989, pp. 8.153-8.168. With permission. 

According to the TRI, in 1996, an estimated 750 pounds of asbestos (friable) were released to publicly owned-treatment works (POTWs) by facilities producing, processing, or using asbestos, and an estimated 3.3 million pounds were transferred off-site (TRI96 1999). In 1999, 4.8 million pounds of friable asbestos was transferred off-site, presumably for disposal (TRI99 2001). Starting in 1998, seven new industrial sectors were required to report their releases to the TRI. Asbestos was transferred off-site from only one of these industrial sectors, RCRA hazardous waste treatment and disposal facilities the amount transferred was 2.4 million pounds. 

Every year billions are spent to capture, contain, and remedy solid wastes after their generation, and costs for hazardous waste treatment and disposal have multiplied during the past few years because of the limited availability of treatment and disposal sites and facilities. 

During the 1970s and the early 1980s, toxic chemicals and other hazardous wastes were treated by land disposal or by incineration. The Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA) of 1984 to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) severely restricted disposal of wastes in untreated landfills, surface impoundments, and land treatment units. Additionally, negative public opinion was focused on the disproportionate risk borne by those living near incinerators and other hazardous waste treatment and disposal facilities. Environmental laws passed in the 1970s clearly articulated public and congressional dissatisfaction with early site remedies that wholly consisted of containment, off-site disposal, and incineration. 

Freeman, H. 1998. Standard Handbook of Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal, 2nd ed. New York McGraw-Hill. Summarizes U.S. laws and regulations, with an overview of the hazardous waste problem and state-of-the-art alternative treatment and disposal processes. 

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