Test methods

Since 1994 when the test method was implemented in the inspection program of many paper mills, we test now regularly the steam drums in the most paper mills in Austria (see table 1). 

This is the ASTM D 2892 test method and corresponds to a laboratory technique defined for a distillation column having 15 to 18 theoretical plates and operating with a 5 1 reflux ratio. The test is commonly known as the TBP for True Boiling Point. 

Specifications and test methods for jet fuel. The specifications of jet fuels are set at the international level and are written into the Aviation Fuel Quality Requirements for Jointly Operated Systems". 

Principal Standard Test Methods for Petroleum Products 

Specifications and test methods for gasoline (see AFNOR information document M15-001). 

Specifications and test methods for diesel fuel (normal and severe cold grades) (from the standard NF EN 590 see AFNOR information document M15-007 and M15-022). 

Specifications and test methods for heavy fuel oil (in France, FOL). The French specifications distinguish two grades FOL No. 1 and the heavier  

Specifications and test methods for paraffins and waxes. There are no French specifications for these products, but only the customs  

Table 7.9 Specifications and test methods for naphthas. These products are industrial intermediates and are not subject to

In light of the above criterion, many test methods are standardized. The following pages contain a non-exhaustive list of the main test methods. 

Munns, G.A. Georgiou, Non-destructive testing methods for adhesively bonded joint nspection - a review, INSIGHT, Vol 37, No 12, Dec 1995, pp 941-952 

This is because on one hand, heav wave is weaker and on the other hand, photoelastic testing method is unfavorable for observing the sound field of axial symmetry. The sound field (see Fig.4) excited by strip ciystal in solid is observed with photoelastic testing method. The wavefront of head wave can be see in Fig.4, which is a circumstantial evidence of wavefront of head wave excited just by point-shape crystal. We can calculate 

Nondestructive Testing Handbook Vol. 9, Special Nondestruetive Testing Methods , ASNT 1995 

Due to the outer circumference of the silo, about 25 meters, a non- or rarely destructive testing method was needed for the localization. Because the building was still in use, it was only accessable from the exterior side. We chose the ultrasonic pulse-echo-technique as an appropriate way of doing the testing. 

Alphabetical list of the principal standardized test methods 

Table 7.8, which gathers the French government specifications and test methods concerning hydrocarbon solvents, is divided into three parts  

Compared with now used industrial film radiography our computerized X-ray TV introscope has higher sensitivity. The efficiency of our X-ray TV testing method is 15-2(1 times 

Special probe geometries and combinations of different types of magnetic field sensors make an important contribution to the further improvement of the eddy-current testing method and results in new applications. 

These specifications and characteristics are defined with references to standard test methods which the different parties to a contract should conduct for quality control. The tables that follow show specifically the standards that are applicable in France, but a more general table in Appendix 2 shows the main test methods commonly referenced in specifications. 

Penetrability is the depth, expressed in tenths of a millimeter, a standard steel needle penetrates into a bitumen sample at 25°C. The needle carries a weight of 100 g and the test is applied for five seconds. The corresponding test method is relatively difficult to carry out and is defined in France by the standard NF T 66-004, and in the USA by the method ASTM D 583. Penetration is related to the viscosity. 

Calculational methods. Associating the analysis, the knowledge of the property-structure relationships, and the calculation methods has made possible the replacement of costly and arduous test methods by quicker tests whose results are linked by calculations to the characteristic under study. Some examples are the cetane number, in some cases, the octane number, or the characteristics of LPG (refer to Chapter 3). 

It was also shown, that serious defects were detected, which under normal circumstances could lead to dangerous situations in the following service periods and cannot be detected by the normal conventional testing method. 

A specification or standard for product characteristics is valid only if it is matched with references to well defined and recognized test methods, such that quality control tests conducted by the parties involved —client and supplier, for example— are comparable even if they are performed at different locations. 

The contribution wws elaborated in frame of complex program of the GA CR No. 101/96/K264 - Limit states of construction materials with utilisation of non-standard test methods. 

This paper describes the result obtained in a study of AFCEN (French Society for Design and Construction Rules for Nuclear Island Components) in order to characterize dye penetrant product family, based on experimental test methods of french standards NFA 09.520 and NFA 09.521. In particular, sensitivity tests have been carried out on artificial defects, and correlated with tests on real defects. Some tests on penetrant washability have also been performed. The results obtained with these three series of tests show that the choiee of a dye penetrant product family is not without influency on results obtained, and that is not so simple to make the good choice which could, in certain cases, be the less bad compromise. 

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