Well-defined

However, the laboratory data seem to indicate that a constant concentration in the reactor to maintain 63 percent sulfuric acid would be beneficial. Careful temperature control is also important. These two factors would suggest that a continuous well-mixed reactor is appropriate. There is a conflict. How can a well-defined residence time be maintained and simultaneously a constant concentration of sulfuric acid be maintained ... 

This energy region is that which corresponds to the electron energy states of the molecules, which are quantified and so can have only well-defined discrete values. 

The cold filter plugging point (CFPP) is the minimum temperature at which a given volume of diesel fuel passes through a well defined filter in a limited time interval (NF M 07-042 and EN 116 standards). For conventional diesel fuels in winter, the CFPP is usually between —15 and —25°C. 

This justifies all the work undertaken to arrive at fuel denitrification which, as is well known, is difficult and costly. Moreover, technological improvements can bring considerable progress to this field. That is the case with low NO burners developed at IFF. These consist of producing separated flame jets that enable lower combustion temperatures, local oxygen concentrations to be less high and a lowered fuel s nitrogen contribution to NOj. formation. In a well defined industrial installation, the burner said to be of the low NO type can attain a level of 350 mg/Nm, instead of the 600 mg/Nm with a conventional burner. 

Waxes are less well defined aliphatic mixtures of n-alkanes, isoalkanes and cycloalkanes in various proportions. Their average molecular weights are higher than those of the paraffins from 600 to 800. 

A bitumen sample is oxidized at high temperature under well defined conditions and its physical characteristics are measured before and after this artificiai ageing process. The method is defined in France as AFNOR T 66-032 and in the USA by ASTM D 2872 (Rolling Thin-Film Oven Test). 

Next the crude is distilled into well defined fractions according to their end uses. 

A specification or standard for product characteristics is valid only if it is matched with references to well defined and recognized test methods, such that quality control tests conducted by the parties involved —client and supplier, for example— are comparable even if they are performed at different locations. 

Lump sum contracts tend to be favoured by companies awarding work (if the scope of work can be well defined) as they provide a clear incentive for the contractor to complete a project on time and within an agreed price. 

Figure 5 provides an example of AE monitoring data from 22.01.1997 to 03,03.1997, in terms of time history of the main plant parameters (fig.Sa), as well as of the AE RMS values (fig. 5b). Normally, very little or no events were recorded, with the exception of the above period, in which an AE activity, very much concentrated in time and space, could be observed a sharp step in cumulative AE events takes place in a short, well defined time interval. A smaller sharp step in EA events had been observed a few days earlier, in the same position. 

In practice, it is nontrivial to manually select the parameter values to obtain successful results. Moreover, it is not obvious how to measure the quality of the results. Therefore, a well defined performance measure and an efficient parameter optimization method are desired. 

One approach to a mathematically well defined performance measure is to interpret the amplitude values of a processed signal as realizations of a stochastic variable x which can take a discrete number of values with probabilities P , n = 1,2,..., N. Briefly motivated in the introduction, then an interesting quality measure is the entropy H x) of the amplitude distribu-... 

The inverse problem would be well defined if we knew the temperature or the harmonic function... 

The verifications can be performed by the user himself, with electronic measurement equipment described in this project. The consequences of the application of future European standard are very important since is established a mandatory verification of each particular flaw detector, at least once a year. Their verification is to be performed according to a well defined procedure of measurement, including acceptance criteria for each parameter. 

Austenitic Steel weld has a well defined transcrystalline (oriented) macrostructure with continuously changing orientation of the crystal axis - from the periphery towards the centre the angle between the axis of the crystal and the axis of the weld is changed from 90 to 0 degrees. Weld metal eould be possible to approximate in the form of a discrete combination of crystals with parallel axes of the crystallites. 

In co-operation with LM Glasfiber, a complete section of a rotor blade was produced with a number of well defined defects in order to perform an initial sensitivity test by means of ultrasound, vibrations techniques and real-time radiography. Based on the results of this initial test it was found that automated ultrasonic inspection was the best suited teclmique. In co-... 

A direct measurement of surface tension is sometimes possible from the work of cleaving a crystal. Mica, in particular, has such a well-defined cleavage plane that it can be split into large sheets of fractional millimeter thickness. Orowan... 

A somewhat subtle point of difficulty is the following. Adsorption isotherms are quite often entirely reversible in that adsorption and desorption curves are identical. On the other hand, the solid will not generally be an equilibrium crystal and, in fact, will often have quite a heterogeneous surface. The quantities ys and ysv are therefore not very well defined as separate quantities. It seems preferable to regard t, which is well defined in the case of reversible adsorption, as simply the change in interfacial free energy and to leave its further identification to treatments accepted as modelistic. 

Ideal adhesion simply means the adhesion expected under one or another model situation of uniform materials having intimate contact over a well-defined area. In these cases, the important quantity is the work of adhesion wab between two phases, which is given by... 

Pressure-area isotherms for many polymer films lack the well-defined phase regions shown in Fig. IV-16 such films give the appearance of being rather amorphous and plastic in nature. At low pressures, non-ideal-gas behavior is approached as seen in Fig. XV-1 for polyfmethyl acrylate) (PMA). The limiting slope is given by a viiial equation... 

Up until now, little has been said about time. In classical mechanics, complete knowledge about the system at any time t suffices to predict with absolute certainty the properties of the system at any other time t. The situation is quite different in quantum mechanics, however, as it is not possible to know everything about the system at any time t. Nevertheless, the temporal behavior of a quantum-mechanical system evolves in a well defined way drat depends on the Hamiltonian operator and the wavefiinction T" according to the last postulate... 

Traditionally one categorizes matter by phases such as gases, liquids and solids. Chemistry is usually concerned with matter m the gas and liquid phases, whereas physics is concerned with the solid phase. However, this distinction is not well defined often chemists are concerned with the solid state and reactions between solid-state phases, and physicists often study atoms and molecular systems in the gas phase. The tenn condensed phases usually encompasses both the liquid state and the solid state, but not the gas state. In this section, the emphasis will be placed on the solid state with a brief discussion of liquids. 

Since and depend only on die valence charge densities, they can be detennined once the valence pseudo- wavefiinctions are known. Because the pseudo-wavefiinctions are nodeless, the resulting pseudopotential is well defined despite the last temi in equation Al.3.78. Once the pseudopotential has been constructed from the atom, it can be transferred to the condensed matter system of interest. For example, the ionic pseudopotential defined by equation Al.3.78 from an atomistic calculation can be transferred to condensed matter phases without any significant loss of accuracy. 

Several factors detennine how efficient impurity atoms will be in altering the electronic properties of a semiconductor. For example, the size of the band gap, the shape of the energy bands near the gap and the ability of the valence electrons to screen the impurity atom are all important. The process of adding controlled impurity atoms to semiconductors is called doping. The ability to produce well defined doping levels in semiconductors is one reason for the revolutionary developments in the construction of solid-state electronic devices. 

There is a well defined nomenclature employed to describe the synnnetry of any particular surface [1], The standard notation for describing surface symmetry is in the fonn... 

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