Results comparability

Figure 39. Benzene to benzvalene reaction, (a) Assuming that the prebenzvalene structure is a transition state. The two benzvalene isomers are anchors, (b) Assuming that prebenzvalene is an intermediate, A two-anchor loop results, compare Figure 12.

The measured flux of each substance was plotted as a function of pressure and the results compared with the predicted curves. The agreement, in each case, was gratlfyingly good. 

Zinc dust of good quality usually contains only negligible quantities of halogen and sulphur, and is nitrogen-free. A blank for these elements should, however, be made with every fresh batch of reagent prepared if perceptible traces of halogen or sulphur are present, a blank or control test must be performed side by side with that on the organic compound, and the results compared. 

Determine the uncertainty for the gravimetric analysis described in Example 8.1. (a) How does your result compare with the expected accuracy of 0.1-0.2% for precipitation gravimetry (b) What sources of error might account for any discrepancy between the most probable measurement error and the expected accuracy ... 

Plot a family of curves, each of different n, with composition as the y axis and O2 absorbed as the x axis. Evaluate by Eq. (5.30) for n = 1, 2, 3, and 4 and 0.1 < p < 0.9 in increments of 0.1. Plot these results on y axis) on a separate graph drawn to the same scale as the experimental results. Compare your calculated curves with the experimental curves with respect to each of the following points (1) coordinates used, (2) general shape of curves, and (3) labeling of curves. 

An analytical model of the process has been developed to expedite process improvements and to aid in scaling the reactor to larger capacities. The theoretical results compare favorably with the experimental data, thereby lending vahdity to the appHcation of the model to predicting directions for process improvement. The model can predict temperature and compositional changes within the reactor as functions of time, power, coal feed, gas flows, and reaction kinetics. It therefore can be used to project optimum residence time, reactor si2e, power level, gas and soHd flow rates, and the nature, composition, and position of the reactor quench stream. 

Chemistry ofDelig niiic tion. The chemistry of delignification is complex and, despite the extensive Hterature, not completely understood. A variety of lignin model compounds have been studied and the results compared with the observed behavior of lignin during pulping (1,10—12,16). 

Phosphate—Chelant—Polymer Combinations. Combinations of polymer, phosphate, and chelant are commonly used to produce results comparable to chelant—polymer treatment in boilers operating at 4137 x 10 Pa or less. Boiler cleanliness is improved over phosphate treatment, and the presence of phosphate provides an easy means of testing to confirm the presence of treatment in the boiler water. 

Operational temperatures of 4—27°C are maintained. In this process the flavor components are concentrated in the retentate. A reduced alcohol product is obtained by adding back water to give the desired flavor impact. Typical gas chromatographic results, comparing unprocessed 80° proof whiskey with reverse osmosis processed 54° proof whiskey and diluted 54° proof whiskey, indicate good congener retention in the alcohol-reduced (RO) processed whiskey (Table 7). 

Another way of interpreting absolute risk estimates is through the use of benchmarks or goals. Consider a company that operates 50 chemical process facilities. It is determined (through other, purely qualitative means) that Plant A has exhibited acceptable safety performance over the years. A QRA is performed on Plant A, and the absolute estimates are established as calibration points, or benchmarks, for the rest of the firm s facilities. Over the years, QRAs are performed on other facilities to aid in making decisions about safety maintenance and improvement. As these studies are completed, the results are carefully scrutinized against the benchmark facility. The frequency/consequence estimates are not the only results compared—the lists of major risk contributors, the statistical risk importance of safety systems, and other types of QRA results are also compared. As more and more facility results are accumulated, resources are allocated to any plant areas that are out of line with respect to the benchmark facility. 

Such condensation reactions occur on mixing the two components. The resultant comparative intractability of the material is one of the main reasons for its industrial eclipse. 

The technique of contact mechanics has also been applied to the direct mechanical determination of solid-fluid interfacial energies, and the results compare favorably with those obtained by contact angle measurements [19]. 

Since the catalyst is so important to the cracking operation, its activity, selectivity, and other important properties should be measured. A variety of fixed or fluidized bed tests have been used, in which standard feedstocks are cracked over plant catalysts and the results compared with those for standard samples. Activity is expressed as conversion, yield of gasoline, or as relative activity. Selectivity is expressed in terms of carbon producing factor (CPF) and gas producing factor (GPF). These may be related to catalyst addition rates, surface area, and metals contamination from feedstocks. 

The Important Sequence Model module does sensitivity studies and importance rankings for about a thousand highest frequency sequences. The analyst zooms to the most frequent plant damage category, to the most frequent sequences in that category, to the most important top event, to the most important split fraction, and to the most important cutsets. If sensitivity analysis is needed on the model as a whole, a menu option, "CLONE a Model," makes a copy of the model, c hange,s are made, and results compared. 

The equation proposed by Moore (1967) tends to follow the upper-limit velocity. This is not surprising, because the equation was based upon high levels of energy. Despite its simplicity, its results compare fairly well with other models for both low and high energy levels. 

Three reports have been issued containing IPRDS failure data. Information on pumps, valves, and major components in NPP electrical distribution systems has been encoded and analyzed. All three reports provide introductions to the IPRDS, explain failure data collections, discuss the type of failure data in the data base, and summarize the findings. They all contain comprehensive breakdowns of failure rates by failure modes with the results compared with WASH-1400 and the corresponding LER summaries. Statistical tables and plant-specific data are found in the appendixes. Because the data base was developed from only four nuclear power stations, caution should be used for other than generic application. 

It can clearly be seen that the CISD curve is worse than either of the other two, which are essentially identical out to a AR of 1.3 A. The size inconsistency of the CISD method also has consequences for the energy curve when the bond is only half broken. Figure 11.11 illustrates why the use of Cl methods has declined over the years, it normally gives less accurate results compared with MP or CC methods, but at a similar or Irigher computational cost. Furthermore, it is difficult to include the important triply excited configurations in Cl methods (CISDT scales as M ), but it is relatively easy to include them in MP or CC methods (MP4 and CCSD(T) scales as M ). 

The initial investigation focused on the use of threitol-derived auxiliaries with various substituent groups on the dioxolane ring (Table 3.3). However, it became evident that the oxygen atoms in the substituents had a detrimental effect on selectivity. Comparison of the diastereoselectivities for the ketals 69-71, which contain Lewis basic sites in the substituents at the 1 and 2 positions, with those from simpler diol derived ketals 72-74 demonstrates the conflicting effects of numerous coordination sites. The simpler, diol-derived ketals provide superior results compared to the threitol derived ketals. The highest diastereoselectivity is observed in the case of the 1,2-diphenyl ethane-1,2-diol derived ketal 74. 

CuZn. We have investigated the phonon dispersion of the B2 phase. Our result compares well with the experimental findings marked as diamonds in Fig. 7. Similar to the fee FcsNi phase, a soft transversal mode is detected in bcc CuZn. This [110]... 

Yaws [124] et al. provide an estimating technique for recovery of each component in the distillate and bottoms from multicomponent distillation using short-cut equations and involving the specification of the recovery of each component in the distillate, the recovery of the heavy key component in the bottoms, and the relative volatility of the light key component. The results compare very well with plate-to-plate calculations. Figure 8-46, for a wide range of recoveries of 0.05 to 99.93% in the distillate. 

If the velocity of the gas/fluid equals or exceeds the speed of sound, shock waves are set up, and vibrations and other mechanically related problems may result, compared to the conditions when velocities are below the speed of sound. For a Mach of 1.0, the gas velocity equals the velocity of sound in the fluid. 

AJkynes can be made by dehydrohalogenation of vinylic halides in a reaction that is essentially an E2 process. In studying the stereochemistry of this elimination, it was found that (Z)-2-chloro-2-butenedioic acid reacts 50 times as fast as the corresponding isomer. What conclusion can you draw about the stereochemistry of eliminations in vinylic halides How does this result compare with eliminations of alkyl halides ... 

An interesting application is the titration of calcium. In the direct titration of calcium ions, solochrome black gives a poor end point if magnesium is present, it is displaced from its EDTA complex by calcium and an improved end point results (compare Section 10.51). 

The electronic transitions of 5//-dibenz[6,/]azepine have been calculated using self-consistent field (SCF) methods and the results compare favorably with experimentally determined UV spectral data.36... 

The initial formation of an ate complex by attack of the nucleophile on the aluminum reagent, followed by reaction with the ketone, is unlikely since treatment of the ketone with a mixture of MAD and the organometallic reagent gave results comparable to those obtained with the organometallic reagent in the absence of MAD. 

Fig. 3-6. Chlorine contents of chlorinated hydrocarbon polymers. Absorptio-metric results compared with those from conventional analyses. Crosses = experimental values dots = calculated values. (Liebhafsky, Smith, Tanis, and Winslow, Anal. Chem., 19, 861.)...

K. Mehlhose, Explosivstoffe 20 (3-4), 37-70 (1972) CA 78, 113513 (1973) Methods developed for detn of H20 in gun and rocket propints are column distn with n-PrOH and gas-chromatographic analysis of the distillate, corrected for continuous formation of water in decompn reactions and photometric methods, both based on the reaction of CoCl2 with water. Choice of the methods is based on a critical review (117 refs) of the usual methods of water detn by chemical and physical methods. A theoretical and exptl analysis of the new methods was made and their results compared with those of older methods. Application to mono-, di-, and tribasic and to double-base NC and poly (vinyl nitrate) propints is discussed... 

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