Greater than

The largest errors in predicted compositions occur for the systems acetic acid-formic acid-water and acetone-acetonitrile-water where experimental uncertainties are significantly greater than those for other systems. 

At pressures above the highest real data point, the extrapolated data were generated by the correlation of Lyckman et al. (1965), modified slightly to eliminate any discontinuity between the real and generated data. This modification is small, only a few percent, well within the uncertainties of the Lyckman method. The Lyckman correlation was always used within its recommended limits of validity--that is, at reduced temperatures no greater than 1.5 to 2.0. 

Spencer and Danner, 1972). This equation has been further modified by O Connell for reduced temperatures greater than 0.75. The saturated-liquid molar volume is given by the equation... 

ERF error flag, integer variable normally zero ERF= 1 indicates parameters are not available for one or more binary pairs in the mixture ERF = 2 indicates no solution was obtained ERF = 3 or 4 indicates the specified flash temperature is less than the bubble-point temperature or greater than the dew-point temperature respectively ERF = 5 indicates bad input arguments. 

If F is very large (Douglas has suggested a value greater than 10) in Eq. (4.8), then... 

This means that all of component i entering with the feed Fz leaves in the vapor phase as Vy,. Thus, if a component is required to leave in the vapor phase, its K value should be large (typically greater than 10). 

Ideally, the K value for the light key component in the phase separation should be greater than 10, and at the same time, the K value for the heavy key should be less than 0.1. Having such circumstances leads to a good separation in a single stage. However, use of phase separators might still be effective in the flowsheet if the K values for the key components are not so extreme. Under such circumstances a more crude separation must be accepted. 

By constrast, Fig. 7.46 shows a diflFerent arrangement. Hot stream A with a low coefficient is matched with cold stream D, which also has a low coefficient but uses temperature diflferences greater than vertical separation. Hot stream B is matched with cold stream C, both with high heat transfer coefficients but with temperature differences less than vertical. This arrangement requires 1250 m of area overall, less than the vertical arrangement. 

The second of the major hazards is explosion, which has a disaster potential usually considered to be greater than fire but lower than toxic release. Explosion is a sudden and violent release of energy. 

Detonation. In a detonation, the flame front travels as a shock wave, followed closely by a combustion wave, which releases the energy to sustain the shock wave. The detonation front travels with a velocity greater than the speed of sound in the unreacted medium. 

In fact, the true fire load will be greater than the energy release calculated in Example 9.1. In practice, such a release of superheated liquid generates large amounts of fine spray in addition to the vapor. This can double the energy release based purely on vaporization. 

Figure 16.11 If the number of hot streams above the pinch at the pinch is greater than the number of cold streams, then stream splitting of the cold streams is required.

The higher the value of the DCFRR for a project, the more attractive it is. The minimum acceptable value of the DCFRR is the market interest rate. If the DCFRR is lower than market interest rate, it would be better to put money in the bank. For a DCFRR value greater than this, the project will show a profit for a lesser value, it will show a loss. 

SHELLS is greater than 1 for all streams except steam and cooling water. The contribution of these is now increased to one. Thus... 

This is greater than the maximum area per shell. Thus... 

In practice the efficiency of plates is usually less than 100%, with the result that the number required to achieve a given degree of separation or absorption is greater than the theoretical number. 

All elements of atomic number greater than 83 exhibit radioactive decay K, Rb, Ir and a few other light elements emit p particles. The heavy elements decay through various isotopes until a stable nucleus is reached. Known half-lives range from seconds to 10 years. 

Carbon monoxide and excess steam are normally passed over a cobalt catalyst at about 250-300 C resulting in greater than 99% conversion of CO to COj. This conversion reaction is widely used in oil or solid fuel gasification processes for the production of town gas or substitute natural gas. ... 

Asphaltic Paraffinic Less than 0.760 Greater than 0.975... 

Paraffinic Aromatic Greater than 0.800 Less than 0.930... 

When the reduced boiling point is greater than 0.8, it is not recommended to use the conventional formula [4.3]. The acentric factor should be estimated by the following relation ... 

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