Productivity improvement factor

Figure 9.5 Productivity improvement factor (PIF) for horizontal wells...

For use with process-equipment estimates and chemical-plant investment estimates, the Marshall and Swift equipment cost indexes and the Chemical Engineering plant cost indexes are recommended. These two cost indexes give very similar results, while the Engineering News-Record construction cost index, relative with time, has increased much more rapidly than the other two because it does not include a productivity improvement factor. Similarly, the Nelson-Farrar refinery construction index has shown a very large increase with time and should be used with caution and only for refinery construction. 

Improved co-monomer incorporation. Metallocene catalysts are very efficient at co-monomer incorporation, which means that co-monomer use can be reduced by a factor of ten or more. This has some cost advantages but, more importantly, there is less unincorporated comonomer in the final product, improving efficiency and mass balance and reducing VOCs. 

The improvements in the route can be appreciated by examining the ratio of the kg of total waste to kg of pregabalin product (E factor) [8]. The classical resolution... 

All steps of the process need to undergo major efficiency improvements. The cost of enzymes, for example, needs to fall by 90 percent from its 2003 level. This might sound unrealistic, but it is not unusual to increase the effectiveness of enzyme production by factors of ten, 100, or even 1000. By modifying the amino acid sequences of the cellulase and hemicellulase enzymes, biochemists from Genencor and Novozymes have been able to make them dramatically more effective, and recent advances suggest that the cost target for the enzymes will be exceeded in due course. 

Superior cost management has been a key success factor in the more commoditized chemical segments such as polyolefines and basic chemicals (e.g., methanol) for some time now, and this shows through in strong productivity improvements. 

External mold release was still necessary, but only every so often - as little as once every 300 cycles or so, or as often as once every 25 cycles. All In all, not often enough to be a factor In cycle efficiency. For this series, productivity Improvements ranged from a worst case of 33% to a best case of 140%, with the range 50% to 75% being typical. The values are significant. 

The intersection of biology, chemistry, and environmental stewardship/ sustainability has created unique opportunities to meet societal needs for food, feed, fiber, and fuel. New products are safer, better, and more effective in meeting these needs. Productivity improvements will remain the most important factor in determining the characteristics of global markets, especially as the population grows and available land for agriculture is reduced. 

Speaker of the Freudenberg Management Board, Dr, Peter Bettermann summarised Productivity improvements w ere a significant factor in the grow th in profit, ... 

This estimate was based on a statistical analysis that controls for factors such as the reduction in employment that would have been expected even in the absence of deregulation due to productivity improvements, as well as changes in market share, flight length, aircraft size, and ton miles per departure. 

The documentation should be seen as an organizational asset. As there is alw s considerable effort and expense associated with workplace irrspections, not to fully utilize the information is wasteful. The reports generated through workplace inspections could identify opportunities beyond the iderrtification of hazards and accident causation factors. Inspectiorrs can also iderrtify production improvements, better maintenance techniqnes, means of reducing wastage, and increased efficiency, all of which can contribute to an improved, more productive and safer work environment. 

As it is inside the bottle, the ACTIS barrier is protected from mechanical impact. The inert layer, in direct contact with the beverage, prevents any PET-related migrations (acetaldehyde). It protects the packaged product from any gases coming from PET (O, etc.). Barrier-improvement factors up to 30 and 7 have been reported for and CO, respectively, which correspond to a 6-month shelf life (with less than 1 ppm of ingress and less than 17% of CO loss). Up to 40,000 bottles can be coated per hour [166],... 

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