Action similar

CgHijClNjOj. Colourless, hygroscopic, m.p. 2I0-212 C (decomp.). Prepared from fi-chloroethyl carbamate and trimethylamine. It has a physiological action similar to that of acetylcholine, but more prolonged, as it is less readily hydrolysed. It is used for intestinal atony following operations, and can be given orally. 

Agrochemical Products. Hydrazones of vanillin have been shown to have a herbicidal action similar to that of 2,4-D, and the zinc salts of dithiovanillic acid. Made by the reaction of vanillin and ammonium polysulfide in alcohoHc hydrochloric acid, dithiovanillic acid is a vulcanization inhibitor. 5-Hydroxymerciirivanillin, 5- a cetoxym erci iri va n ill in, and 5-ch1oromercurivani11in have been prepared and found to have disinfectant properties. 

CociEana, the dried bark of Guana rusbji (Britt.) Rushy, was probably first used by the natives of the BoUvian Andes as an emetic—cathartic. It is often prescribed as an alternative to ipecac in the treatment of cough, and the emetic side effects at high doses suggest a mechanism of action similar to that of ipecac. 

It should be noted that although BrCl is mainly a brominating agent that is eompetitive with bromine, its ehemieal reaetivity makes its action similar to that of ehlorine (that is, disinfection, oxidation, and a bleaching agent). BrCl hydrolyzes exelusively to hypobromous aeid, and if any hydrobromie aeid (HBr) is formed by hydrolysis of the dissociated bromine, it quickly oxidizes to hydrobromous acid via hypochlorous acid. 

This view was supported by the observation that choline on treatment with nitric acid yielded a product having a pharmacological action similar to that of muscarine as known up to that time. Comparison of the natural and artificial products by Bohm showed that the former was much more active than the latter and that its action was antagonised by atropine, whilst the artificial muscarine had a curare-like action on the atropinised frog. Later, Nothnagel investigated the action of... 

Nimodipine, but not other DHPs, is also a potent inhibitor of nucleoside transport with actions similar to known nucleoside transport inhibitors such as dipyr-idamol. It is likely that this mechanism also contributes to the potent vasodilating properties of this DHP. 

Morphine, when extracted from raw opium and treated chemically, yields the semisynthetic narcotics hydromorphone, oxymorphone, oxycodone, and heroin. Heroin is an illegal narcotic in the United States and is not used in medicine. Synthetic narcotics are those man-made analgesics with properties and actions similar to the natural opioids. Examples of synthetic narcotic analgesics are methadone, levorphanol, remifen-tanil, and meperidine Additional narcotics are listed in the Summary Drug Table Narcotic Analgesics. 

Some cardiac arrhythmias result from many stimuli present in the myocardium. Some of these are weak or of low intensity but are still able to excite myocardial tissue Lidocaine, by raising the threshold of myocardial fibers, reduces the number of stimuli that will pass along these fibers and therefore decreases the pulse rate and corrects the arrhythmia Mexiletine (Mexitil) and tocadnide (Tonocard) are also antiarrhythmic drag s with actions similar to those of lidocaine... 

Modem commercial detergents are mixtures. Their most important component is a surfactant, or surface-active agent, which takes the place of the soap. Surfactant molecules are organic compounds with a structure and action similar to those of soap. A difference is that they typically contain sulfur atoms in their polar groups (4). 

As has been mentioned, preparation of esters of the C-17 hydroxyl group of selected progestins affords compounds with prolonged action. Similar chemical treatment of a corticoid would almost certainly lead to an ester of the sterically more accessible primary alcohol at C-21. In an interesting method for achieving esterification of the more hindered and less reactive tertiary 17-hydroxyl, prednisolone... 

The significance of mirex residues in various tissues is unresolved, as is the exact mode of action of mirex and its metabolites. Minchew et al. (1980) and others indicated that mirex is a neurotoxic agent, with a mode of action similar to that of other chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, such as DDT. In studies with crayfish and radiolabeled mirex, mirex toxicosis was associated with neurotoxic effects that included hyperactivity, uncoordinated movements, loss of equilibrium, and... 

Physiological Action Similar to HD bronchopneumonia possible after twenty-four hours... 

A breakthrough in the treatment of major depression was the discovery of fluoxetine, marketed as Prozac. Fluoxetine has a mechanism of action similar to that of imipramine with an important exception. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, an SSRI. This strongly suggests that, in some sense, the symptoms of major depression result from a deficit in serotonin specifically. By inhibiting its reuptake from the synapse, the activity of serotonin is enhanced. Two other important drugs for major depression, sertraline (Zoloft) and paroxetine (Paxil), among several others,... 

Only minor quantities of intact biologically active progesterone are absorbed if the hormone is given orally. Progestogens are synthetic compounds which display actions similar to that of progesterone. Many progestogens are more potent than progesterone itself and can be absorbed intact when administered orally. 

Tramadol is a central-acting analgesic, effective for mild to moderate acute and chronic pain. It impairs nociception by a unique mechanism that is not completely understood. In animal models, it binds to the /u. opioid receptor and is a weak inhibitor of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake, actions similar to those ascribed to the SSRIs and TCAs. Seizures have been reported in patients taking tramadol. Abuse potential is low, but does exist. 

Anderson KC. Lenalidomide and thalidomide mechanisms of action - similarities and differences. Semin Hematol 2005 42(4 Snppl 4) S3-8. 

Propranolol has local anesthetic properties and exerts actions similar to those of quinidine on the atrial membrane action potential. Membrane responsiveness and action potential amphtude are reduced, and excitability is decreased conduction velocity is reduced. Because these concentrations are similar to those that produce p-blockade, it is impossible to determine whether the drug acts by specific receptor blockade or via a membrane-stabilizing effect. 

Oxymorphone is 10 times as potent as morphine, with actions similar to those of hydromorphone. Oxymorphone, however, has httle antitussive activity, and as such is a useful analgesic in patients with pulmonary disease who need to retain the ability to cough. 

Famciclovir (Famvir) is the diacetyl ester prodrug of the acyclic guanosine analogue 6-deoxypenciclovir Dena-vir). Penciciovir has activity against HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, and HB V. After oral administration, famciclovir is converted to penciciovir by first-pass metabolism. Penciciovir has a mechanism of action similar to that of acyclovir. It is first monophosphorylated by viral thymidine kinase then it is converted to a triphosphate by cellular kinases. Penciciovir triphosphate acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerase, but unlike acyclovir, it does not cause chain termination. 

TCAs in more serious forms of depression such as melancholic or psychotic depression. Some studies have suggested that the SSRls do not work as well as the TCAs in melancholic depression (Roose et al. 1994]. Likewise, one study has suggested that venlafaxine, a drug with a mechanism of action similar to that of the TCAs, was superior to fluoxetine in the treatment of inpatients with melancholic depression (Clerc et al. 1994]. Still, other metaanalyses have failed to find a difference in the efficacy of SSRls versus TCAs in serious forms of depression [Nierenberg 1994]. Nonetheless, given that most studies have employed TCAs, and some debate exists about the utility of SSRls in severe subtypes, it may be prudent to start with a TCA in most patients until the debate is further resolved. For patients who present a significant suicide risk or who have not been able to tolerate TCAs, the SSRls in combination with a standard antipsychotic appears an effective option. 

The neuropeptide galanin is functionally related to neuropeptide Y and is present in limbic brain areas important for emotionality. Galanin also has been observed to possess specific anxiolytic-like actions similar to those of neuropeptide Y [Bing et al. 1993]. 

This group includes the hydrides of calcium, lithium, magnesium, potassium, sodium and strontium. In the presence of moisture they are readily converted to hydroxides which are highly irritating to the skin by caustic and thermal action. Similar effects can occur on contact with eyes and respiratory mucous membranes... 

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