Combustion properties

Sirtori, S., P. Garibaldi and F.A. Vicenzetto (1974), Prediction of the combustion properties of gasolines from the analysis of their composition . SAE paper No. 74-1058, International Automobile Engineering and Manufacturing Meeting, Toronto, Ontario. 

The products manufactured are predominantiy paraffinic, free from sulfur, nitrogen, and other impurities, and have excellent combustion properties. The very high cetane number and smoke point indicate clean-burning hydrocarbon Hquids having reduced harmful exhaust emissions. SMDS has also been proposed to produce chemical intermediates, paraffinic solvents, and extra high viscosity index (XHVI) lubeoils (see Lubrication and lubricants) (44). 

Natural gas and its combustion properties appear to have been known since early times (2). Some early temples of worship were located in areas where gas was seeping from the ground or from springs, and it is reported that Julius Caesar saw a phenomenon called the "burning spring" near Grenoble, France. Gas wells were drilled in Japan as early as 615 AD and in 900 AD the Chinese employed bamboo tubes to transport natural gas to their salt works, where the heat was used to evaporate water from salt brine. The existence of natural gas in the United States was reported by early setders who observed gas seeps and columns of fire in the Ohio Valley and the Appalachian area in 1775 (3). 

Table 1. Combustion Properties for Common Hydrocarbon Fuels ...

The problem of flame arrestment, either of deflagrations or detonations, depends on the properties of the gas mixture involved plus the initial temperature and pressure. Gas mixture combustion properties cannot be quantified for direc t use in flame arrester selection and only general charac teristics can be assigned. For this reason, flame arrester performance must be demonstrated by realistic testing. Such... 

An alternate approach to fuel washing is to utilize a vaporized fuel oil system (VFO). This technology was developed as a method for converting natural gas fuel systems to liquid fuel. The process involves mixing steam with the liquid fuel and then vaporizing the mixture. The vaporized mixture exhibits the same combustion properties as natural gas. 

VFO works well in gas turbines. In a nine-month test program, the combustion properties of VFO were studied in a combustion test module. A gas turbine was also operated on VFO. The tests were conducted to study the combustion characteristics of VFO, the erosive and corrosive effects of VFO, and the operation of a gas turbine on VFO. The combustion tests were conducted on a combustion test module built from a GE Frame 5 combustion can and liner. The gas turbine tests were conducted on a Ford model 707 industrial gas turbine. Both the combustion module and gas turbine were used in the erosion and corrosion evaluation. The combustion tests showed the VFO to match natural gas in flame patterns, temperature profile, and flame color. The operation of the gas turbine revealed that the gas turbine not only operated well on VFO, but its performance was improved. The turbine inlet temperature was lower at a given output with VFO than with either natural gas or diesel fuel. This phenomenon is due to the increase in exhaust mass flow provided by the addition of steam in the diesel for the vaporization process. Following the tests, a thorough inspection was made of materials in the combustion module and on the gas turbine, which came into contact with the vaporized fuel or with the combustion gas. The inspection revealed no harmful effects on any of the components due to the use of VFO. 

Material Trauzel lead block value (cmVg) Combustion properties... 

High temperature 21) Combustion properties/fire resistance... 

The gases oxygen and hydrogen are readily distinguished by their combustion properties. When a glowing splint is plunged into oxygen,... 

M.W. Beckstead et al, 13 Symp (Int) Combustion (Proc) 1047-56 (1970) CA 76, 61477 (1972) A model developed previously by the authors described the general combustion properties of 3 types of composite propints and of... 

The product of sorbing hydrogen on to hot zirconium powder bums with incandescence when heated in air [1,2], Ignition and combustion properties of pyrophoric zirconium and zirconium hydride powder (< 10 p), and safety measures are discussed [3], Ignition energies for zirconium hydrides, ZrUx x = 0 — 2, in air have been studied in Japan [4],... 

Owing to the high diffusivity, low viscosity, and unique chemical nature, combustibility of hydrogen is somewhat different than the other fuels. Various combustibility properties are described in the following ... 

For direct injection of hydrogen, the power density is roughly 120% that of an equivalent gasoline engine. Because of the easy combustion property, researchers are experimenting with a multiple injection approach, where hydrogen is injected directly into the cylinder once or twice during each combustion cycle [25,28,36]. 

Table 6.1 Approximate combustion properties of liquid fuels in air from various sources [2,3]...

Table 13 Composition, molecular weight and combustion properties of hydrocarbons and alcohols...

By far the most important redox reaction relative to chemical stability is the reaction between an oxidizable material and oxygen from air. The particle size and any droplets have a large effect on the combustion properties. Some substances react so rapidly in air that ignition occurs spontaneously. These so called pyrophoric compounds (white phosphorus, alkali metals, metal hydrides, some metal catalysts, and fully alkylated metals and nonmetals) must be stored in the absence of air. 

In the course of this study, several new candidate fuel systems have been synthesized in gram quantities. In the future, it is planned to undertake large-scale S3mtheses of those new hydrocarbons, like 5, whose combustion properties suggest that they might excel as energetic fuels or as fuel additives. 

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