Life-span

E. Hairer and Ch. Lubich. The life-span of backward error analysis for numerical integrators. Numer. Math. 76 (1997) 441-462... 

Y. Shimizu and co-workers, "Life Span Study Report 11, Part 1, Comparison of Risk Coefficients for Site-Specific Cancer MortaUty," Technical Report RERF-TR-12-87, Radiation Effect Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan, 1987. 

Production of coke is expected to continue to decrease unless new cokemaking faciUties are constmcted, because the effective production capacities of coke plants decrease as the coke plants age. This situation is particularly acute in North America where the majority of coke plants are over 25 years in age (5) and the economic life spans of conventional coke batteries average about 20 years. 

The currendy (ca 1992) marketed injectable and implantable contraceptives are designed to be effective for maximum periods of three months and five years, respectively. There is Htde evidence from programmatic or health reasons that an injectable formulation with a longer effective life span, eg, six months, would not be equally effective. The acceptabiUty and effectiveness of long-acting contraceptives may be determined by the means by which a community deUvers contraceptive products to the pubHc the active life of a product may be determined by economic rather than programmatic or health related factors. 

While the effective life of Norplant I is at least five years, most of the users have the implants removed at an earlier time. Norplant II was developed to have a shorter life-span, and is composed of only two rods. Levonorgestrel is dispersed in the silastic matrix which is then inserted into a thin silastic tubing. This product has an effective life-span of two to three years (36). Because it is composed of only two rods, Norplant II also is easier to implant and remove. 

Mammalian Cells Unlike microbial cells, mammalian cells do not continue to reproduce forever. Cancerous cells have lost this natural timing that leads to death after a few dozen generations and continue to multiply indefinitely. Hybridoma cells from the fusion of two mammalian lymphoid cells, one cancerous and the other normal, are important for mammalian cell culture. They produce monoclonal antibodies for research, for affinity methods for biological separations, and for analyses used in the diagnosis and treatment of some diseases. However, the frequency of fusion is low. If the unfused cells are not killed, the myelomas 1 overgrow the hybrid cells. The myelomas can be isolated when there is a defect in their production of enzymes involved in nucleotide synthesis. Mammahan cells can produce the necessary enzymes and thus so can the fused cells. When the cells are placed in a medium in which the enzymes are necessaiy for survival, the myelomas will not survive. The unfused normal cells will die because of their limited life span. Thus, after a period of time, the hybridomas will be the only cells left ahve. 

Soiling of goods. Clothes, real estate, automobiles, and household goods can easily be soiled by air contaminants, and the more frequent cleaning thus required can become expensive. Also, more frequent cleaning often leads to a shorter life span for materials and to the need to purchase goods more often. 

A friction loss of 37.125 m In a total length of 1000 m is quite high and will require a larger motor. Therefore, a 150 mm main pipeline will offer a better and more economical design compared to a 125 mm pipeline such as the reduced cost of the prime mover and lower power consumption during the life of pumping system, in addition to a longer life span of a 150 mm pipe compared to a 125 mm pipe. 

They have a longer life span, during which they do not deteriorate or lose their dielectric properties. 

The choice of the metal (Section 22.4) for the grounding electrode will depend upon the corrosion factor of the soil. Btit all metals are equally good and possess a life span of 12 years and more. For a longer working life, the thickness of the electrode may be increased as discussed in Section 22.4.1. Gl being a more... 

Not to occur more than 200 times during tite total life span of the capacitor unit. 

Performance based total productive maintenance establishes a thorough system of PM for the equipment s entire life span. 

Anisimov, V. N., Zabezhinski, M. A., Popovich, I. G., Liebcrman, A. I. and Shmidt, J. L., Prevention of spontaneous and chemically-induecd earcinogenesis using activated earbon fiber adsorbent. I. Effeet of the aetivated carbon fiber adsorbent Aqualen on spontaneous carcinogenesis and life span in mice. Cancer Lett., 1998, 126(1), 23 28. 

In safety applications, the corrosion resistance of the duct materials deserv es special consideration. Since material costs generally increase along with corrosion resistance, the selection of material must be determined by the desired life span in the anticipated environment this environment is a function of the characteristics of the chemical being processed and the operating conditions of the reactor. For maximum resistance to moisture or corrosive gases, stainless steel and copper are used where their cost can be justified. Aluminum sheet is used where lighter veight and superior resistance to moisture are needed. 

High-density lipoproteins (HDL) have much longer life spans in the body (5 to 6 days) than other lipoproteins. Newly formed HDL contains virtually no cholesterol ester. However, over time, cholesterol esters are accumulated through the action of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), a 59-kD glycoprotein associated with HDLs. Another associated protein, cholesterol ester transfer protein, transfers some of these esters to VLDL and LDL. Alternatively, HDLs function to return cholesterol and cholesterol esters to the liver. This latter process apparently explains the correlation between high HDL levels and reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. (High LDL levels, on the other hand, are correlated with an increased risk of coronary artery and cardiovascular disease.)... 

The life span of a batteiy is also dependent on the power needs of a product. Some batteries produce a lot of power for a relatively short time before fully discharging, while others are designed to provide less peak power but more sustained power for a very low drain rate. Other important variables aftccting batteiy lifespan are the design and efficiency of the device being used and the conditions of use. In particular, exposing a batteiy to excessive heat can dramatically curtail the length of a battery s life. 

Dry cells (batteries) and fuel cells are the main chemical electricity sources. Diy cells consist of two electrodes, made of different metals, placed into a solid electrolyte. The latter facilitates an oxidation process and a flow of electrons between electrodes, directly converting chemical energy into electricity. Various metal combinations in electrodes determine different characteristics of the dry cells. For example, nickel-cadmium cells have low output but can work for several years. On the other hand, silver-zinc cells are more powerful but with a much shorter life span. Therefore, the use of a particular type of dry cell is determined by the spacecraft mission profile. Usually these are the short missions with low electricity consumption. Diy cells are simple and reliable, since they lack moving parts. Their major drawbacks are... 

Dry Cells Chemical. -Simplicity. -Low output -Short life-span -Bulk -Current deterioration. In use for short duration space missions. Various designs provide different life-span and output. 

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