Aviation fuels

The first aviation gas turbine engines were regarded as having noncriti-cal fuel requirements. Ordinary illuminating kerosene was the original development fuel, but the increased complexity in design of the engine has required fuel specification tests to be more complicated and numerous. 

Demands for improved performance, economy, and overhaul life will indirectly continue the trend toward additional tests. 

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Specifications and test methods for jet fuel. The specifications of jet fuels are set at the international level and are written into the Aviation Fuel Quality Requirements for Jointly Operated Systems". 

Anon. (1983), Handbook of aviation fuel properties. Coordinating Research Council, report No. 530, Atlanta, GA. Distributed by SAE, Inc., Warrendale, PA,... 

The storage of chemicals, lubricants, aviation fuel and diesel fuel is normally on the platforms, with chemicals kept in bulk storage or in drums depending on the quantities. A typical diesel storage would be adequate to run back-up power generators for around a week, but the appropriate storage for each item would need to be specified in the FDR... 

Aviation fuel Aviation fuels Aviation gasolines Aviation turbine fuel Avicel... 

Urea has the remarkable property of forming crystalline complexes or adducts with straight-chain organic compounds. These crystalline complexes consist of a hoUow channel, formed by the crystallized urea molecules, in which the hydrocarbon is completely occluded. Such compounds are known as clathrates. The type of hydrocarbon occluded, on the basis of its chain length, is determined by the temperature at which the clathrate is formed. This property of urea clathrates is widely used in the petroleum-refining industry for the production of jet aviation fuels (see Aviation and other gas-TURBINE fuels) and for dewaxing of lubricant oils (see also Petroleum, refinery processes). The clathrates are broken down by simply dissolving urea in water or in alcohol. 

Miscellaneous, New, and Developmental Antimicrobial Agents. Table 11 shows some of the antimicrobials that do not neady fit into the principal families. Acrolein (qv) is a unique chemical used for secondary oil recovery (43). Biobor has become the antimicrobial addition of choice for aviation fuels (44). Cbloropbtbalonil (tetrachloroisophthalnitrile [1897-45-6]) is a significant agricultural fungicide, in addition to being one of the most important latex paint film preservatives (producer, ISK). 

The fluoroelastomers possess good mbber properties with the added advantages of being nonburning, hydrophobic, and solvent- and fuel-resistant. In addition to these, because of flexibiHty down to about —60° C, these polymers have been used in seals, gaskets, and hoses in army tanks, in aviation fuel lines and tanks, as well as in cold-climate oil pipeline appHcations. These polymers have also found appHcation in various types of shock mounts for vibration dampening (14,17). 

The impetus to develop the petroleum refining industry came from several changes in life-styles. The increased needs for illuminants, for fuel to drive the factories of the industrial revolution, for gasoline to power the automobiles, as well as the demand for aviation fuel, all contributed to the increased use of petroleum. 

Aircraft Fuels. Demand for aviation gas turbine fuels has been growing more rapidly than demand for other petroleum products since 1960, about 3—5% per year compared with 1% for all oil products. This strong demand reflects a current and predicted growth in worldwide air traffic of 4—7% annually until the end of the century. Total world oil demand will be up by 15% by the year 2000, but aviation fuel demand will increase by 50—125%. However, the fraction of the oil barrel devoted to aviation, now about 8%, will increase only slightly. 

M. CiTsSSF., Aviation Fuels, G. T. FouHs Co., Ltd., Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, UK, 1970. 

Aviation Fuel Safety—1975, CRC Report No. 482, Coordinating Research Council, Inc., Atianta, Ga., Nov. 1975. 

W. G. Dukek, Ball-on-Cylinder Testing for Aviation Fuel Lubricity, SAE 881537, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa., 1988. 

An on-line supercritical fluid chromatography-capillary gas chromatography (SFC-GC) technique has been demonstrated for the direct transfer of SFC fractions from a packed column SFC system to a GC system. This technique has been applied in the analysis of industrial samples such as aviation fuel (24). This type of coupled technique is sometimes more advantageous than the traditional LC-GC coupled technique since SFC is compatible with GC, because most supercritical fluids decompress into gases at GC conditions and are not detected by flame-ionization detection. The use of solvent evaporation techniques are not necessary. SFC, in the same way as LC, can be used to preseparate a sample into classes of compounds where the individual components can then be analyzed and quantified by GC. The supercritical fluid sample effluent is decompressed through a restrictor directly into a capillary GC injection port. In addition, this technique allows selective or multi-step heart-cutting of various sample peaks as they elute from the supercritical fluid... 

Figure 12.20 SFC-GC analysis of a sample of aviation fuel (a) SFC separation into two peaks (b and c) coixesponding GC ttaces of the respective peaks (flame-ionization detection used throughout). Reprinted from Journal of High Resolution Chromatography, 10, J. M. Levy et ah, On-line multidimensional supercritical fluid chromatography/capillary gas chromatography , pp. 337-341, 1987, with permission from Wiley-VCH.

See also Aircraft Aviation Fuel Efficiency of Energy Use, Economic Concerns and Engines Kerosene Subsidies and Energy Costs Supply and Demand and Energy Prices Transportation, Evolution of Energy Use and. 

Coordinating Research Council. (1983). Handbook of Aviation Fuel Properties. Atlanta, GA Author. 

Diikek, W. G. (1969). Milestones in Aviation Fuels. AIAA Paper 69-779, July 14. 

Dyroff, G. V., ed. (1993). Aviation Fuels. In Manual on Significance of Tests for Petroleum Products, 6th ed. Philadelphia ASTM. 

Taylor, W. F. (1997). Jet Fuel Chemistiy and Formulation. In Aviation Fuels with Improved Fire Safety—National Research Council Proceedings. Washington, DC National Academy Press. 

Waite, R., ed. (199.S). Manual of Aviation Fuel Quality Control Procedures. West Conshohocken, PA ASTM. 

Between 1899 and 1919, as demand for gasoline grew, the price increased more than 135 percent, from 10.8 cents/gal to 25.4 cents/gal. From 1929 to 1941, gasoline use by passenger cars increased from 256.7 million barrels to 291.5 million barrels. Consumption of aviation fuel went from only 753,000 barrels in 1929 to over 6.4 million barrels at the start ofWorld War II. By 1941, gasoline accounted for over one-half of petroleum products with 90 percent of gasoline output used as fuel for automotive and aircraft engines. 

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