INSTANTANEOUS PROCESS

Indeed, because most hydrogen atoms in liquid water are hydrogen-bonded to a neighboring water molecule, this protonic hydration is an instantaneous process and the ion products of water are and OH ... 

The formation of mineral coal is not an instantaneous process, but is an extremely lengthy one, spread over an extended period. Millions of years ago, when the temperature was moderate and rainfall was heavy, vegetation was quite thick, especially in the low-lying areas of the Earth. Coal-forming plants probably grew in swamps, and as the plants died, their debris gradually formed a thick layer of matter on the swamp floor. Over a prolonged period, this matter hardened into a substance called peat. The peat deposits became buried under sand or other mineral matter. As the mineral matter accumulated, some of it turned... 

As discussed in Sect. 1.2.3, it is usually not possible to distinguish ESA from 2PA with Z-scan experiments if they are performed with only one excitation pulsewidth. However, since ESA is not an instantaneous process as is 2PA, the pump-probe technique can be successfully used to verify the origin of the nonlinearity for the spectral regions close to the main absorption band. Figure 7 illustrates how the influence of the ESA can be distinguished from the 2PA with pump-probe experiments. The curve labeled (1) shows an instantaneous 2PA response without ESA and the long-lived components of the transmittance change seen in (2) and (3) are due to ESA. 

The initial methodology used assumed that all excess calcite from the solution would be deposited in a predetermined volume of the geothermal pipe. This approach is conservative considering that calcite deposition is an instantaneous process. However, the literature frequently states that calcite deposition is kinetically-controlled where the process of deposition could either be slower or faster (Sjoberg ... 

The second term of Eq. (40) gives the contribution from collisions. These are non-instantaneous processes since the variation of p 0> at the time t depends on the value of this function at the earlier instant t. The evolution is non-Markovian and the system remembers its earlier history. However, this memory extends only over a finite period, as one can see from the expression (44) for the kernel G, (t). This results from supposing that the poles z( are not infinitesimally close to the real axis and thus that the collision time tc is finite (see Eq. (39)). 

Case 4 The interfacial partition between the two phases of unchanged species is fast. The rate is controlled by the diffusion to and away from the interface of the partitioning species. In the absence of an interfacial resistance, the partition equilibrium of A between the aqueous and organic phase, occurring at the interface, can be always considered as an instantaneous process. Here, A is any species, neutral or charged, organic or inorganic. This instantaneous partition process (interfacial equilibrium) is characterized by a value of the partition coefficient equal to that measured when the two phases are at equilibrium. 

Any reaction or change that is immediate and occurs at the present, without any perceptible delay. In fact, the time-evolution or progress of many apparently instantaneous processes can be determined by using ultrafast... 

It will be appreciated from the previous paragraphs that the ignition of explosives such as black powder is not an instantaneous process. Classically, as the temperature of the black powder is raised, slow decomposition sets in according to the process ... 

Initiation is not an instantaneous process, but a few microseconds always elapse between the impulse and detonation or explosion. This delay of initiation, known as induction period, depends on the sensitivity of explosives and varies greatly. For example, when the following expls were initiated at the US Bur Mines from an identical source, the induction period of PETN was 5 microseconds, of RDX 10, Tetryl 15 and TNT failed to detonate... 

The formation of an adsorbed surface layer is not an instantaneous process but is governed by the rate of diffusion of the surfactant through the solution to the interface. It might take several seconds for a surfactant solution to attain its equilibrium surface tension, especially if the solution is dilute and the solute molecules are large and unsymmetrical. Much slower ageing effects have been reported, but these are now known to be due to traces of impurities. The time factor in adsorption can be demonstrated by measuring the surface tensions of freshly formed surfaces by a dynamic method for example, the surface tensions of sodium oleate solutions measured by... 

Today the appearance of descendants of important fragrances is a nearly instantaneous process. The development and launching of mutations of and commentaries upon such perfumes occur at high intensity within very few years, even months after their launching, affecting not only the world of fine fragrances but also, thanks to the ubiquitous trickle-down phenomenon, deodorants and other toiletries, even laundry care and household products. As quickly as the trend has taken off, so quickly may it die down when the attention of the marketing community shifts to other models. 

NMR spectroscopy differs from IR spectroscoj y (Sections 12.6-12.8) in that the timescales of the two techniques arc quite different. The absorption of infrared energy by a molecule giving rise to a change in vibrational amplitude is an essentially instantaneous process (about 10 s), but the NMR process... 

The AR could be clearly observed at low intensities, because in this case, the ci population is negligible, so the stationary AHB and reabsorption change effects are considerably reduced. For simplicity, the lifetime of as-state is ignored, and the trans-cis-trans transition is considered to be a nearly instantaneous process. Reverse cis-trans photoisomerization is also ignored here. In this approximation, the dynamics of trans angular distribution is described by the following equation ... 

The formation of the p-i-n junction is not an instantaneous process but depends on the mobility of the ions in the three-component blend consisting of an electron conductive and light-emitting polymer, an ionic conductive polymer, and an ionic salt. Therefore, the response times of conventional LECs typically are longer than those of polymer LEDs. However, if the motion of the ions can be suppressed after the junction has been formed, the response of the LECs can be drastically increased and it, therefore, should be possible to obtain fast response times similar to LEDs. 

In the classical procedure, scheelite was mainly processed by acid digestion while wolframite was dissolved by an alkaline digestion. The important solid, pure intermediate was, in both cases, tungstic acid, derived either directly or after several precipitation steps. Tungstic acid is formed by a precipitation, which is a more or less instantaneous process. Foreign ions present in solution during the precipitation are partly entrapped or coprecipitated and contaminate the tungstic acid. 

The principle of an FP measurement is depicted in Fig. 10. Upon illumination with Hnearly polarized light, the fluorophores in solution experience the highest probability of absorbing a photon when they have an orientation parallel to the incoming light vector. If the molecules were stationary or if fluorescence were an instantaneous process, the emission of this photoselected fluorophore ensemble... 

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