Safety: assessments

Values-Based Safety Process Improving Your Safety Culture With Behavior-Based Safety, 33 

Second Edition Terry E. McSween Copyright 2003 John Wiley Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-22049-3 

A comprehensive safety assessment shall be carried out to confirm that the design as delivered for fabrication, as for construction and as built meets the safety requirements set out at the beginning of the design process. 

The safety assessment shall be part of the design process, with iteration between the design and confirmatory analytical activities, and increasing in the scope and level of detail as the design programme progresses. 

The basis for the safety assessment shall be data derived from the safety analysis, previous operational experience, results of supporting research and proven engineering practice. 

As inhalation and ingestion under normal-use conditions are of little consequence for the risk assessment, the role of the fragrance upon the skin must be examined as a route of exposure. In this case two effects need to be considered. The first is whether the material irritates when applied to the skin and the second is whether the material can penetrate through the skin and affect the immune system and organs of the body. 

The cooling failure is not considered here, as the adiabatic reactor is designed to work without cooling. If the conditions listed above are fulfilled, the adiabatic batch reactor is inherently safe as far as the charge is guaranteed. The reaction course is not affected by any eventual cooling failure or breakdown of utilities. The batch reactor can be made safe only if it is designed for adiabatic conditions. 

The methods used for the isothermal reactor can also be used here, but must be completed by a thermal study over the total temperature range in which the reactor will be operated. Therefore, DSC in the scanning mode, or adiabatic calorimeters such as the Accelerating Rate Calorimeter or simply the Dewar flask, can be used. 

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P. A. Machiele, "A Health and Safety Assessment of Methanol as an Alternative Puel," ia W. Kohl, ed.. Methanol as an yiltemative Fuel yin yissessment, ]oim. Hopkias Poreiga PoHcy lastitute, Washiagtoa, D.C., 1990, pp. 217—239. 

A technique called probabiUstic safety assessment (PSA) has been developed to analy2e complex systems and to aid in assuring safe nuclear power plant operation. PSA, which had its origin in a project sponsored by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, is a formali2ed identification of potential events and consequences lea ding to an estimate of risk of accident. Discovery of weaknesses in the plant allows for corrective action. 

Audits by INPO and the U.S. NRC aie a culmination of a high degree of self-auditing by the plant operators and the utihties themselves, often assisted by special third-party safety review boards set up to help carry out safety assessments (21). Self-auditing and self-criticism are essential to the process. These reflect the fundamental reactor safety principle that the owner-operator of the plant has the ultimate responsibiUty for plant safety. 

Expert Panel of the Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Final Report on the Safety Assessment for Diisopropano/amine, Triisopropano/amine, Isopropano/amine, Mixed Isopropano/amines, Sept. 26, 1986 Final Report for the Safety Assessment for Triethanolamine, Diethanolamine, Monoethanolamine, May 19, 1983. 

Linear alkylbenzenesulfonate showed no deleterious effect on agricultural crops exposed to this material (54,55). Kinetics of biodegradation have been studied in both wastewater treatment systems and natural degradation systems (48,57,58). Studies have concluded that linear alkylbenzenesulfonate does not pose a risk to the environment (50). Linear alkylbenzenesulfonate has a half-life of approximately one day in sewage sludge and natural water sources and a half-life of one to three weeks in soils. Aquatic environmental safety assessment has also shown that the material does not pose a hazard to the aquatic environment (56). 

In this guide, we will focus on the use of QRA in the safety assessment of acute hazards and episodic events only. 

Villemeur, A. 1992 Reliability, Availability, Maintainability and Safety Assessment - Volume 2. Chichester Wiley. 

Edwards, D. W., and D. Lawrence (1995). Inherent Safety Assessment of Chemical Process Routes. The i995 IChemE Research Event, First Eur. Conf Young Res. Chem. Eng., 62-64. Rugby, UK The Institution of Chemical Engineers. 

A key part of the CANDU 9 design program was the review by the AECB that explored and resolved issues during design. PSA in the design process ensures that safety related requirements are addressed early to reduce retrofits as well as its role in safety assessment and licensing. 

PRA - probabilistic risk assessment/probabilistic safety assessment, synonymous with PSA. The PRA Procedures Guide is NUREG/CR-23(X). PRA was the original term but became probabilistic safety assessment to avoid the negative implication of risk. ... 

WA.SH-1400 - The report of the Rasmussen Study that effectively started the use of probabilistic safety assessment. 

AECL, 1989, CANDU-3 Conceptual Probabilistic Safety Assessment. ... 

Allen, P. J. et al., 1990, Summary of CANDU-6 Probabilistic Safety Assessment Study Results, Nuclear Safety 31, 2, pp 202-214. 

Topical Meeting on Probabilistic Safety Assessment, Cl Beach, FL, pp 747-753, January 26-29. 

Fullwood, R. and W. Shier, 1990, PRA Using Event Tables and the Brookhaven Event Tree Analyzer (BETA), The Role and Use of Personal Computers in Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Decision Making, Elsevier, NY, ISBN 1-85166-501-3, pp 79-92/... 

IAEA, 1988, Component Reliability Data for Use in Probabilistic Safety Assessment, lecDoc-478, Vienna. 

Jaitly, R K., 1995, The CANDU-9 Probabilistic Safety Assessment Program, PSA 95, Seoul, Korea, pp 33-38, November 26-30. 

Probabilistic Safety Assessment in the Chemical and Nuclear Industries... 

The last three decades have seen the development of a new science to help us better understand the risk of events about which there is often very little information. The reason there is interest in such a science is that there are a great many societal benefits from activities that involve risk risk that if properly managed through better understanding can greatly benefit the quality of all life on the planet earth, both plant and animal. That science is quantitative risk assessment, also known by such names as probabilistic risk assessment and probabilistic salety assessment, the latter being the preferred name for this text. Probabilistic safety assessment divides the risk question into three questions "What can go wrong " "How likely is it " and "What are the consequences "... 

Probabilistic safety assessment has had its greatest push in relation to the assessment ni risk associated with nuclear power plant operation as documented in the author s previous hook This new book, besides updating and reorganizing the nuclear portions of the previous text, entures into I he salety as.sessment of chemical facilities, another important industry dri ver of probabilistic s.ifety assessment methods and applications. 

This book, for the most part, is a stand-alone text. It addresses not only the fundamentals of PSA as a science, but insights on the regulatory framework affecting its development and apidication. In particular, it provides the basic methods of analysis that can be employed, available databases, an excellent set of examples, software resources, chapter summaries that tacilitate comprehension, and problem sets that are very well connected to the theory. While much has been written about probabilistic safety assessment over the last three decades, this is the most comprehensive attempt so far to provide a much needed college level textbook for the education of risk and safety professionals. It also provides a valuable reference for any individual curious enough about the risk and safety sciences to want to become much more informed. 

In risk characterization, step four, the human exposure situation is compared to the toxicity data from animal studies, and often a safety -margin approach is utilized. The safety margin is based on a knowledge of uncertainties and individual variation in sensitivity of animals and humans to the effects of chemical compounds. Usually one assumes that humans are more sensitive than experimental animals to the effects of chemicals. For this reason, a safety margin is often used. This margin contains two factors, differences in biotransformation within a species (human), usually 10, and differences in the sensitivity between species (e.g., rat vs. human), usually also 10. The safety factor which takes into consideration interindividual differences within the human population predominately indicates differences in biotransformation, but sensitivity to effects of chemicals is also taken into consideration (e.g., safety faaor of 4 for biotransformation and 2.5 for sensitivity 4 x 2.5 = 10). For example, if the lowest dose that does not cause any toxicity to rodents, rats, or mice, i.e., the no-ob-servable-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) is 100 mg/kg, this dose is divided by the safety factor of 100. The safe dose level for humans would be then 1 mg/kg. Occasionally, a NOAEL is not found, and one has to use the lowest-observable-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) in safety assessment. In this situation, often an additional un-... 

Chapter 5, Quantitative and Qualitative Prediction of Human Error in Safety Assessments, describes a systematic process for identifying and assessing the risks from human error, together with techniques for quantifying human error probabilities. 

The SPEAR framework to be described in subsequent sections is designed to be used either as a stand-alone methodology, to provide an evaluation of the human sources of risk in a plant, or in conjunction with hardware orientated analyses to provide an overall system safety assessment. The overall structure of the framework is set out in Figure 5.4. 

Bellamy, L. J., Kirwan, B., Cox, R. A. (1986). Incorporating Human Reliability into Probabilistic Safety Assessment. 5th International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries, Cannes, France. Paris Societe de Chimie Industrielle. 

In 1985, Uie Cimadian Chemical Producers Association (CCPA) released a pampWet entitled, "Essential Components of Safety Assessment Systems . Modifications to process or plant was one of the topics discussed in Uiis pamplilet. CCPA recommended a 12 element program (listed below) to formally e.xamine and approve process conditions whellier permanent or temporary prior to implementation. 

For most patients, drugs will be prescribed after discharge to be taken at home. Because the home is not as controlled an environment as a health care facility, the nurse should assess the patient s home environment carefully to ensure complete safety. It is important to keep in mind the following when making a home safety assessment ... 

Erdal, B.R. Aguilar, R.D. Bayhurst, B.P. Daniels, W.R. Duffy, C.J. Lawrence, F.O. Maestas, S. Oliver, P.Q. Wolfsberg, K. "Sorption-Desorption Studies on Granite. I. Initial Studies of Strontium, Technetium, Cesium, Barium, Cerium, Europium, Uranium, Plutonium, and Americium", in "Proceedings of the Task 4 Waste Isolation Safety Assessment Program Second Contractor Information Meeting", Vol. II, Report PNL-SA-7352, Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratory, 1978, pp. 7-67. 

For safety assessment of surfactants a CESIO Committee has published a proposal for the labeling of surfactants [254]. The conclusions for ether carboxylates based on the then-available Figures are given in Table 16. 

Cosmetic Ingredient Review (1987) Final report on the safety assessment of retinyl palmitate and retinol. J Am Coll Toxicol 6 279-320... 

Acute toxicity assessment Initial safety assessment... 

Smithing MP, Darvas F. Hazardexpert an expert system for predicting chemical toxicity. In Finlay JW, Robinson SF, Armstrong DJ, editors, Food safety assessment. Washington DC American Chemical Society, 1992. p. 191-200. 

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