Safety Principle

Safety principles are the fundamental assumptions and moral rules concerning the safety of an organization s employees and assets. Some examples of safety principles are  

For every one serious injury there have been some minor injuries, many property damage events, and plenty of warnings in the form of near-miss incidents. 

AU accidents result in some form of loss, which has costs. 

There is normally more than one cause of an accident. 

Fortune, chance, or luck plays a major role in determining the outcome of high-risk acts and high-risk conditions. 

Safety Principles and Technical Criteria for the Underground Disposal of High Level Radioactive Wastes have been prepared with the aim of providing IAEA Member States with basic guidance on protection of humans and the environment from the hazards associated with deep geological disposal of high level radioactive wastes. 

The present publication reflects the need, often expressed by Member States, for internationally harmonized criteria for the safe underground disposal of high level radioactive wastes. It sets out a basic safety philosophy for use in planning such disposals, the main objective of which is the isolation of the radioactive wastes from the human environment for considerable periods of time. The basic requirements for the protection of humans arise directly from radiation protection principles extended so as to deal with events and processes that can occur in a deep underground repository in the far future. Technical criteria regarding the waste, the repository and its environs are also specified as a basis for assuring compliance with the safety principles. 

In the preparation of this publication account was taken of the reconunenda-tions of other international bodies, in particular the International Conunission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) and the OECD s Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA), on criteria for radioactive waste disposal. The safety principles contained in this book are generally consistent with the recent recommendations of these two bodies. 

Radioactive wastes arise from nuclear fuel cycle operations for the generation of electricity and from other activities in which radioactive materials are used. Ionizing radiation is recognized as a potential hazard to human health, and there is therefore a common concern in all countries that radionuclides from the wastes must not enter the environment in concentrations or quantities that would cause unacceptable health hazards. 

An important principle underlying the planning of high level waste repositories should be that no unacceptable burden is to be inflicted upon future generations. In this regard, the responsibility for disposal should be borne by the society which has derived the direct benefits from the nuclear fuel cycle operations which generated the waste. The design of the waste disposal system should be such as to avoid economic, administrative or other problems after the time when control of die repository is relinquished. 

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Audits by INPO and the U.S. NRC aie a culmination of a high degree of self-auditing by the plant operators and the utihties themselves, often assisted by special third-party safety review boards set up to help carry out safety assessments (21). Self-auditing and self-criticism are essential to the process. These reflect the fundamental reactor safety principle that the owner-operator of the plant has the ultimate responsibiUty for plant safety. 

The safety principles and criteria used ia the design and constmction of the faciUties which implement the nuclear fuel cycle are analogous to those which govern the nuclear power plant. The principles of multiple barriers and defense-ia-depth are appHed with rigorous self-checking and regulatory overview (17,34). However, the operational and regulatory experience is more limited. 

Basic Safety Principles for Nuclear Power Plants, IAEA Safety Series 75, INSAG-3, IAEA, Vienna, Austria, 1988, pp. 6—8. 

Bayer (Pilz, 1995) uses a procedure based on hazard analysis, focusing on the application of inherent safety principles to reduce or eliminate hazards. 

Reducing and eliminating hazards and their associated risks is the second major objective. Applying inherent safety principles early in the product/process development effort provides the greatest opportunity to achieve the objectives of the inherent safety review process for the project at hand. If these principles are applied late in the effort the results may have to be applied to the project after next as the schedule may not permit implementation of the results. 

Operations and human factors specialist involvement is important to find optimum solutions to human factors/ergonomics issues. Applying inherent safety principles to ergonomics/human factors issues can reduce risks associated with ... 

The design and construction of devices must adhere to safety principles by applying the following measures in the following order ... 

There are a variety of process safety risks one needs to assess with chemical processes. In general, these risks will lead to an evaluation of the potential for the process to have precipitous changes in temperature and or pressure that lead to secondary events such as detonations, explosions, over pressurizations, fires, and so forth. The most cost-effective way of avoiding these sorts of risks is through the adoption of inherent safety principles. Inherent safety principles are very similar to and complementary to pollution prevention principles, where one attempts to use a hierarchy of approaches to avoid and/or reduce the risk of an adverse event. The reader is referred elsewhere to a more complete treatment of this important area of process design. ... 

The Seveso and Duphar accidents could have been avoided if proper containment systems had been used to contain the reactor releases. The proper application of fundamental engineering safety principles would have prevented the two accidents. First, by following proper procedures, the initiation steps would not have occurred. Second, by using proper hazard evaluation procedures, the hazards could have been identified and corrected before the accidents occurred. 

World Health Organization, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Principles and Methods for Assessing Allergic Hypersensitization Associatedwith Exposure to Chemicals, Environ. Health Criteria 212, Geneva, 1999. 

In practice the main purpose of the process plant design is to minimize the total process risk for the limitation of effects. Here risk is the product of the probability of an incident to happen and the possible consequences of that incident. In this thesis the limitation of effects by the means of inherent safety principles is evaluated. 

Human error is the most frequent cause of the loss of containment. Training and certification of personnel on critical procedures are permanent considerations. Also some other inherent safety principles, like ease of control, making status clear, tolerance and making incorrect assemply impossible, come into play here. 

An inherent safety design should contain the mentioned principles. They should also cover the whole design process. In the early stages of process design these principles help to choose the safest materials, process conditions and even process technology. The difficulty at the moment is the lack of rutines to implement these inherent safety principles into reality. 

From Table 6 it can be seen how the selected parameters have a connection to the basic principles of inherent safety. For instance the subindices of equipment safety and safe process structure contain several characteristics of inherent safety such as limitation of effects or tolerance to maloperation. It is practical to include several characteristics into few parameters, since the inherent safety principles are both very broad and overlapping. The philosophy behind them cannot be described just by one process parameter. The selected parameters are discussed in more detail on the following pages. 

In the Chapter 7 the selected inherent safety parameters for conceptual process design were presented. From these parameters an inherent safety index is formed in this Chapter. There is a straight link between inherent safety principles and the inherent safety index as discussed earlier (see Figure 5). 

Nuclear fuel cycle, 77 545-547 safety principles and, 17 546-547 Nuclear fuel reprocessing, 10 789-790 Nuclear fuel reserves, 17 518-530 alternative sources of, 17 527 economic aspects of, 17 526-527 toxicology of uranium, 17 528-529 uranium mineral resources, 17 518-521, 522-525... 

System theory can be applied to incident investigation, reliability problems, quality problems, and other business losses. One of several reasons why system theory has received broad recognition relative to incident investigation is that it builds directly on current, verified process safety principles. In process safety, as in all other systems used to control risk to a business, there are three basic keys to controlling the risk (see Figure 3-4) ... 

Safety Principles for Operations Involving Flertroexplosive Devices", NavOrdRept OD 10773(1959) 3) R.E. Grove, Naval... 

Ref Anon, "Safety Principles for Operations Involving Electro-Explosive Devices ,... 

Miller, B.M. (ed.) 1986. Laboratory Safety, Principles and Practices. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C. 

The first chapter of Sloan (2000) is devoted to hydrate safety principles, showing several types of safety problems associated with a hydrate plug. Here only one precautionary example is given. 

At least one of the 12 principles—number 2, design safe products—is a must for pharmaceutical synthesis. Indeed, pharmaceutical products are regulated and tested for safety. Principle number 7, maximize atom economy, refers to a metric against which the greenness of a process may be evaluated. Green metrics are covered in the next section. 

H. Koren, and M. Bisesi, Handbook of Environmental Health and Safety Principles and Practices, Vol. I, National Environmental Health Association, CRC Press, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1999. 

Laboratory workers should remember that injuries can and do occur outside the laboratory in other work areas. It is important that safety principles be practiced in offices, stairways, corridors, and similar places. Here, safety is largely a matter of common sense, but constant awareness of everyday hazards is vital. 

There are several key safety principles that should be observed during withdrawal from psychiatric drugs, especially if the drug exposure exceeds a few weeks or months or if the individual has serious preexisting... 

Inclusion of safety principles. In weighing the merits of alternative hydrogen systems, the independent systems... 

Given below is a short reminder list of basic safety principles and specific warnings about hazards that can occur in a physical chemistry laboratory. Items 1 and 2 are crucially important. Knowing how to respond effectively in the unlikely event of a serious accident is essential. Safety infonnation should be displayed prominently in the laboratory— find it and read it before beginning any experimental work. 

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