Deleterious effects

The ethylene glycol liberated by reaction (5.L) is removed by lowering the pressure or purging with an inert gas. Because the ethylene glycol produced by reaction (5.L) is removed, proper stoichiometry is assured by proceeding via the intermediate, bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate otherwise the excess glycol used initially would have a deleterious effect on the degree of polymerization. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) is more familiar by some of its trade names Mylar as a film and Dacron, Kodel, or Terylene as fibers it is also known by the acronym PET. 

Equation 25 represents the reaction responsible for the removal of uv-B radiation (280—330 nm) that would otherwise reach the earth s surface. There is concern that any process that depletes stratospheric o2one will consequently increase uv-B (in the 293—320 nm region) reaching the surface. Increased uv-B is expected to lead to increased incidence of skin cancer and it could have deleterious effects on certain ecosystems. The first concern over depletion was from NO emissions from a fleet of supersonic transport aircraft that would fly through the stratosphere and cause reactions according to equations 3 and 26 (59) ... 

The saturated fatty acids, stearic [57-11-4] and palmitic [57-10-3], are found in animal fats and dairy products. Extensive studies point to the deleterious effect of these acids on arterial walls as a result it is recommended that saturated fatty acid intake be carefully controlled and intake limited (23). 

The deleterious effect of some fat substitutes has been demonstrated in cake frosting (27) the result is an unacceptable frosting, filled with air bubbles. In another example, some low fat cheeses are quite acceptable when cold, but when heated result in a product texture that changes to a sticky, gummy mass. Attempts to replace fat must be viewed as a total systems approach (28,29). It is likely that no one material will replace fats in food rather, replacement will consist of mixtures with each ingredient addressing one or more of the roles played by fats in food. 

Raw soybeans also maybe used as a supplemental protein source. Dry beans, ie, beans normally harvested in the green / imm a tiire state, fava beans, lupins, field peas, lentils, and other grain legumes are potential supplemental protein sources however, several of these may have deleterious effects, predominantly enzyme inhibition, on the animal. The supply of each is limited (5). 

The typical fluorination apparatus used in the LaMar process for these reactions is simple in design (Fig. 4) (33). It is essential that the materials of constmction are resistant to fluorine (34). The presence of even traces of oxygen or moisture can have a deleterious effect and, therefore, extreme precautions must be taken to eliminate these contaminants. 

Ice formation is both beneficial and detrimental. Benefits, which include the strengthening of food stmctures and the removal of free moisture, are often outweighed by deleterious effects that ice crystal formation may have on plant cell walls in fmits and vegetable products preserved by freezing. Ice crystal formation can result in partial dehydration of the tissue surrounding the ice crystal and the freeze concentration of potential reactants. Ice crystals mechanically dismpt cell stmctures and increase the concentration of cell electrolytes which can result in the chemical denaturation of proteins. Other quaHty losses can also occur (12). 

This deleterious effect can be obviated by introducing additional components of magnetic field, causing the field lines to circumscribe the toms without ever closing on themselves. The net magnetic field is then composed of a major, or toroidal, field component produced by the current cods, plus a smaller poloidal component which gives the desired twist to the lines. Particle drifts weaken or nullify the harmful electrical field and the plasma no longer tends to move to the wads. 

Sweet gas gas found in its natural state containing such small amounts of sulfur compounds that it can be used without purification with no deleterious effect on piping or equipment, and without the potential for health ha2ards. 

The solvent, magnesium, and RX can have a deleterious effect on the preparation of the Grignard reagent. Some of the problems are a homocoupled product, formation of RMg02X, and noniaitiated reaction of RX with Mg. Therefore, proper preparation and handling of each component must be carried out. 

Inorganic salts are also used to promote shampoo thickening. These should be used sparingly since an excess may have a deleterious effect on a product s physical stabiHty. Sodium chloride commonly is used in these cases. The additions of sodium stearate and stearic amides can be found in paste shampoos for thickening. 

The insulation on the conductor is therefore exposed to a considerable concentration of o2one and subjected to chemical reactions and mechanical erosion from the impingement of ions. This causes deleterious effects and shortens the life of the cable. 

Although molybdenum is an essential element, excess levels can have deleterious effects. The LD q and TLV values of the most common Mo compounds are Hsted in Table 3 (63,64). In general the toxicity of Mo compounds is considered to be low. For example, M0S2 has been found to be virtually nontoxic even at high levels. Certain Mo compounds such as MoCl and Mo(CO), have higher toxicity because of the chemical nature and reactivity of these compounds rather than the Mo content. Supplementary dietary Cu ", thiosulfate, methionine, and cysteine have been shown to be effective in alleviating Mo toxicity in animals. 

NAS data, for concentrations "below which there is a minimal risk of deleterious effects."... 

B. M. Egan and A. B. Weder, Deleterious Effects of Short-term Dietary NaCl Restriction in Man Relationship to Salt-Sensitivity Status, Medical College of Wisconsin, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich., 1989. 

Sugar is one of the purest foods made, from natural sources, and has never been known to contain any toxic or harmful components. Intensive investigations by the U.S. Food and Dmg Administration resulted in a book in 1986 on the health and safety factors of sugar (cane and beet) in the diet (18). The conclusion was that sugar has no deleterious effect on health in regard to heart disease, diabetes, or other metaboHc disorder. 

Linear alkylbenzenesulfonate showed no deleterious effect on agricultural crops exposed to this material (54,55). Kinetics of biodegradation have been studied in both wastewater treatment systems and natural degradation systems (48,57,58). Studies have concluded that linear alkylbenzenesulfonate does not pose a risk to the environment (50). Linear alkylbenzenesulfonate has a half-life of approximately one day in sewage sludge and natural water sources and a half-life of one to three weeks in soils. Aquatic environmental safety assessment has also shown that the material does not pose a hazard to the aquatic environment (56). 

The calcium form of EDTA instead of free EDTA is used in many food preparations to stabilize against such deleterious effects as rancidity, loss of ascorbic acid, loss of flavor, development of cloudiness, and discoloration. The causative metal ions are sequestered by displacing calcium from the chelate, and possible problems, such as depletion of body calcium from ingestion of any excess of the free chelant, had it been used, are avoided. 

The use of an extractant depends on loading capacity, extraction rate, pH range, and the cost of the reagent and the diluent. Loss of the extractant must be minimised because of its high cost. Organic losses to the aqueous phase are also undesirable because of the deleterious effect on cathode deposits. Advances in SX—EW processes are described in Reference 38. 

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