Running

The cost of shaftwork required to run a refrigeration system can be estimated approximately as a multiple of the shaftwork required for an ideal system. The performance of an ideal system is given by... 

As shown in Fig. 10.6, the vapor from the reactor flows into the bottom of a distillation column, and high-purity dichloroethane is withdrawn as a sidestream several trays from the column top. The design shown in Fig. 10.6 is elegant in that the heat of reaction is conserved to run the separation and no washing of the reactor... 

A brilliant analysis of what Britain s best-run and successful companies have in common - a must for all managers. 

There are little or no olefins in crude oil or straight run (direct from crude distillation) products but they are found in refining products, particularly in the fractions coming from conversion of heavy fractions whether or not these processes are thermal or catalytic. The first few compounds of this family are very important raw materials for the petrochemical Industry e.g., ethylene, propylene, and butenes. 

In straight-run petroleum products which do not usually contain olefins, four types of hydrogen can be easily differentiated as seen in the spectrum in Figure 3.10 ... 

The resolution of capillary columns enables the separation of all principal components of a straight-run gasoline. The most frequently used stationary phases are silicone-based, giving an order of hydrocarbon elution times close to the order of increasing boiling point. 

First of all, a technical clarification is necessary in the wider sense, motor fuels are chemical compounds, liquid or gas, which are burned in the presence of air to enable thermal engines to run gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuels. The term heating fuel is reserved for the production of heat energy in boilers, furnaces, power plants, etc. 

Figure 5.11 Cetane profile of a straight run diesel fuel. ...

The properties of straight run diesel fuels depend on both nature of the crude oil and selected distillation range. Thus the paraffinic crudes give cuts of satisfactory cetane number but poorer cold characteristics the opposite will be observed with naphthenic or aromatic crudes. The increasing demand for diesel fuel could lead the refiner to increase the distillation end point, but that will result in a deterioration of the cloud point. It is generally accepted that a weight gain in yield of 0.5% could increase the cloud point by 1°C. The compromise between quantity and quality is particularly difficult to reconcile. 

Straight run diesei fuels have a high paraffin content, which is desirable, incidentally, for obtaining high cetane numbers. The higher the distillation end point, the higher is the heavy paraffin content (with a carbon number greater than C24). 

Table 10.21 gives a typical example of hydrotreating a straight run (SR) gas oil. 

Maintenance and operating costs represent the major expenditure late in field life. These costs will be closely related to the number of staff required to run a facility and the amount of hardware they operate to keep production going. The specifications for product quality and plant up-time can also have a significant impact on running costs. 

Earlier on when we described the cutting action of the drill bit we learned about the drilling fluid or mud. The mud cools the bit and also removes the cuttings by carrying them up the hole outside the drill pipe. At the surface the mud runs over a number of moving screens, the shale shakers (Fig. 3.11) which remove the cutting for disposal. The fine particles which pass through the screens are then removed by desanders and desilters, usually hydrocyclones. 

Wells may be drilled at a constant angle to the target or dropped off to a lower angle through the reservoir section. To build, maintain or drop the deviation angle stabilisers are run in the bottom hole assembly (Fig. 3.15). A change in deviation used to require a round trip to change the position of those stabilisers in the bottom hole assembly. In recent years, adjustable, hydraulically activated stabilisers have been developed. The... 

Casing joints are available in different grades, depending on the expected loads to which the string will be exposed during running, and the lifetime of the well. The main criteria for casing selection are ... 

Tension load Caused by the string weight during running in it will be highest at the top joints... 

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