Running cost definition

Optimization identifies the most attractive level of capital investment. How does it Let us consider two alternatives, those represented by the points of location 1 near the bottom of the curve in Fig. 6.3, separated by an increase in capital dC and a reduction in running costs dP. The payback time in moving from the lower alternative at 1 to the upper alternative at 1 is by definition dC/dP, and the absolute value of the slope of the curve is also dC/dP. The slope and payback time can be equated. As we move up the curve in Fig. 6.3 it becomes steeper, i.e., the payback time increases. 

Since global specialty chemicals companies already operate sites in most relevant countries, average personnel costs per full-time employee can be established relatively easily. However, location-specific adjustments of the number of operators required to run a production line/plant are required. Firstly, different degrees of automation are usually deployed in developed and developing countries. This aspect is to some extent included in the plant type definition via personnel requirements that depend on the degree of automation. However, even for technically identical plants the number of operators required per shift usually differs between developed and less developed countries due to different levels of personnel productivity. Secondly, annual working hours and consequently the relationship between... 

LC-MS methods have proved very satisfactory as alternatives to the LC-FL method for precise analysis ofYTXs. There are advantages in the simple sample preparation and wider range of analogues detected. However, the greater instrument costs can only be justified if LC-MS is used for quantitative multitoxin analysis where definitive results are obtained for YTXs and a range of other toxin classes in a single run without the need for further confirmatory analyses. Several such methods have been developed and validated. " ... 

The value-based approach presumes that quality can be defined in terms of costs and prices. Garvin (1984b, p. 28) uses the following example to clarify this perspective [A] 500 running shoe, no matter how well constructed, could not be a quality product, for it would find few buyers. Reeves and Bednar (1994) emphasize that this definition of quality forces firms to concentrate on internal efficiency ( internal conformance to specifications ) and external effectiveness ( the extent to which external customer expectations are met ). However, this approach mixes two distinct, though related, concepts quality and value (Reeves and Bednar 1994). Because of its hybrid nature, this concept lacks definitional clarity and might result in incompatible designs when implemented in practice. 

Another development was sponsored by Fryma-Maschinenbau GmbH, BASF and Westfaha Separator AG . This centrifuge was designed to produce fine product which has no particles above a preselected size (e.g. 4 microns) present and in that it succeeded. However, it did that at a cost of extremely low fine product yield less than 1% of solids was recovered as fine product yet there was 20% present in the feed The machine run with the split ratio R (see section 3.4.1 for the definition) 70.8% which led to the coarse recovery of 99.2%. The particle size distributions presented in the paper did not allow grade efficiency evaluation because they were not in mass balance. 

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