In the short run

Compatibility with Personnel Expectations Compatibility refers to the degree of similarity between the direction of physical movement of a control or an instrument indicator and the worker s expectations. Many errors are due to the fact that the operation of the controls or the layout of the displays is incompatible with population stereotypes. For instance, on a control panel it is customary to increase the value of a parameter by turning the appropriate switch clockwise and reduce its value by turning it coimterclockwise. (Note that this stereotype is the opposite for controls which control flow directly, e.g., valves.) If such a stereotype is violated, errors may occur. Although such errors may be recoverable in the short run, under the stress of a process transient they may lead to serious consequences. 

A particular problem is the number of events that should be simulated before the results are stabilized about a mean value. This problem is comparable to the question of how many runs are required to simulate a Gaussian distribution within a certain precision. Experience shows that at least 1000 sample arrivals should be simulated to obtain reliable simulation results. The sample load (samples/day) therefore determines the time horizon of the simulation, which for low sample loads may be as long as several years. It means also that in practice many laboratories never reach a stationary state which makes forecasting difficult. However, one may assume that on the average the best long term decision will also be the best in the short run. One should be careful to tune a simulator based on results obtained before equilibrium is reached. 

The concept of allostatic load implies that there is a paradox in the actions of adrenal steroids they exert protection in the short run and have the potential to cause damage in the long run if the allostatic, that is, the adaptation-promoting, responses are not managed efficiently. 

The establishment of intensive links with the scientific community of an emerging superpower will certainly be advantageous in the long run. In the short run, the attendant boost to U.S. sales of technology, hardware, and management are some additional inducements for closer ties. Someday, perhaps,... 

Second, the radiation hypothesis, pursued from the early 1900s through the 1920s by physicists and physical chemists, proposed a radiation- and energy-based mechanism for activation of intermediate steps in the chemical reaction mechanism, molecule by molecule. But, in the short run, this theory proved wrong. Nonetheless, the radiation hypothesis is interesting for our study because it demonstrates the development of an abstract mathematical and phys-... 

Randomization affords insurance against uncontrollable disturbances in the sense that such disturbances have the same chance of affecting each of the factors under study, and will be balanced out in the long run [Natrella (1963), p. 13-1]. Will the uncontrollable disturbances be balanced out in the short run ... 

The relationship between health care spending and health improvements is complex. Increased health care spending is realized in the short run ... 

More generally, any public policy that affects use of pharmaceutical products in the short run should affect innovation in the longer run. As discussed above, countries differ in their relative emphasis on cost containment by the public sector versus reliance on market forces to achieve socially desirable outcomes. A method for achieving cost containment and static efficiency in some countries has been public evaluation of the costs and benefits of new technologies. 

A consequence of such a cost structure is that, in the short run, it will be profitable for the firm to sell output at prices that cover the lower incremental costs and yield some margin above those costs, but fall far short of total... 

On the other hand. I m a bit more optimistic in the short run. Some researchers have even suggested that humans are at less risk for extinction now than at any other time in history, and that this risk decreases proportionately to advances made in technology. For example, aside from AIDS, it seems as if epidemics are less dangerous than in the days when the Europeans wiped out the South American Indians through disease and when Europe suffered from the Black Plague. 

UNODC also collects and publishes price and purity data. Price and purity data, if properly collected, can be very powerful indicators for the identification of market trends. As supply changes in the short-run are usually stronger than changes on the demand side (which tend... 

The ability of the U. S. Frasch industry to fly-wheel domestic supply and demand in the short-run depends on its current inventories and capacity utilization. In the mid-term, mines may be opened or closed based on perceived long-term market equilibria. Longterm, however, in the absence of a significant successful exploration program, Frasch sulfur is a depleting resource. As the peakload, rather than base-load, producer its minimum price is that which will cover the costs of the incremental mine. Its actual price will represent supply-demand equilibrium in world markets. 

The second modification to the increasing returns activity analysis model is the possibility of substitution among inputs along a given process ray. For example, it may be possible to use less feedstock and more fuel to produce the same output from fixed capital equipment. The extent of this substitution is limited by physical and chemical laws, as well as by legal restrictions and by equipment limits in the short run. 

It would have been extremely difficult for a company to carry out an extensive testing program if their competitors did not. This might lower return (at least in the short-run), and... 

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