Weight gain

Mirtazapine has been shown to reduce anxiety symptoms and sleep disturbances associated with depression, as early as 1 week after the start of treatment. Other advantages are minimal sexual dysfunction, minimal nausea, and once-daily dosing. In addition, mirtazapine is unlikely to be associated with cytochrome P450-mediated drug interactions. The disadvantages of mirtazapine are weight gain and prominent early sedation. 

Mirtazapine treatment is initiated at a dosage of 15 mg qhs. Depending on clinical response and side effects, the dosage can be increased to a maximum of 45 mg at bedtime, although higher doses are sometimes used in treatment-resistant patients. Elderly patients and individuals with renal or hepatic disease may require lower doses. 

As noted previously, sexual dysfunction and nausea are not commonly associated with mirtazapine treatment. The most common side effects are sedation, weight gain, and dizziness. 

Somnolence occurs in more than 50% of the patients taking mir-tazapine. Tolerance to this side effect develops after the first few weeks of treatment. Higher doses do not appear to produce significantly greater sedation. 

The weight gain associated with mirtazapine use may be partially caused by increased appetite. A mean increase of 3.7 kg over the first 28 weeks of treatment has been reported in several controlled 

With subjects that produce discrete fecal pellets, collection of excreta is simple and straightforward. When possible, it is advantageous to keep insects in contain- 

It is more difficult, if not impossible, to collect excreta of insects with highly dilute or watery feces. The Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestris, usually excretes droplets of feces that adhere to the foliage on which they feed. The Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, also excretes watery fecal material that tightly adheres to leaf tissue when dry. For such species, estimates of excreta as a function of uric acid concentration (Bhattacharya Waldbauer 1970, see below) has been suggested (Kogan 1986) but has not been widely used. 

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The properties of straight run diesel fuels depend on both nature of the crude oil and selected distillation range. Thus the paraffinic crudes give cuts of satisfactory cetane number but poorer cold characteristics the opposite will be observed with naphthenic or aromatic crudes. The increasing demand for diesel fuel could lead the refiner to increase the distillation end point, but that will result in a deterioration of the cloud point. It is generally accepted that a weight gain in yield of 0.5% could increase the cloud point by 1°C. The compromise between quantity and quality is particularly difficult to reconcile. 

The business plan needs to provide projections of aimual production. Based on those estimates and assumed food conversion rates (food conversion is calculated by determining the amount of feed consumed by the animals for each kilogram of weight gain), an estimate of feed costs can be made. For many aquaculture ventures, between 40 and 50% of the variable costs involved in aquaculture can be attributed to feed. 

As noted, the oxidation resistance of silicon nitride ceramics depends on the type and concentration of the sintering aids. In materials designed for high temperature appHcations the specific weight gain resulting from oxidation upon a 500-h air exposure at 1200°C and 1350°C is about 1—2 g/m and 2—4 g/m, respectively. The kinetics of the oxidation process have been iavestigated (63,64) as has the corrosion resistance (65). Corrosion resistance is also dependent on material formulation and density. 

Several feed additives for rumiaants are available. All additives iacrease animal growth or efficiency of weight gain, and many provide additional benefits (see Growth regulators). Additives can be classified into groups based on function. 

C25H32O4, an additive that is a synthetic progesterone, suppresses estms in heifers and results in increased weight gain and feed efficiency (5). 

The sorption behavior of perfluorocarbon polymers is typical for nonpolar partially crystalline polymers (89). The weight gain strongly depends on the solubihty parameter. Litde sorption of substances such as hydrocarbons and polar compounds occurs. 

Changes in piopeities <15% aie consideied insignificant test peifomied on 250—1250-)J.m microtensile bars tensile strength, elongation, and weight gain deterniined within 24 h after termination of exposure. 

Protein efficiency ratio (PER) = weight gain(g) for a 10% protein level in the diet of rats as compared to the standard of 2.5 for casein. 

Growth Performance Response. The consistent net effect of anaboHc steroid implant use in growing mminants appears to be increased rate of protein and Hve weight gain, and increased Hve weight at which carcass or empty body fat concentration equals that in nonimplanted cattie thus increasing their potential mature size. Increased feed intake is frequentiy observed. 

Research based on Wolff s law of bone transformation has resulted in some other important observations. Fluctuating loads, such as those that occur in walking, are better for bone than consistentiy appUed loads, such as weight gain. However, if the effective appUed load becomes extreme, pressure necrosis, ie, bone death, occurs. Pressure necrosis is a significant concern in hip arthroplasty. Necrosis means the localized death of living tissue. Undue pressure on living cells causes death. Some total hip replacement failures are the direct result of pressure necrosis. 

Sorbic acid is not only suitable for preservation of feedstuffs but also improves the feed utilisation and weight gain of chickens. This has proven to be of economic value under practical conditions when sorbic acid is added to the feed at 0.02—0.04 wt % (143—145). Similar effects have been observed for the use of sorbic acid in swine feeds (146). 

Normally, dietary tyramine is broken down in the gastrointestinal tract by MAO and is not absorbed. In the presence of MAOI, however, all of its potent sympathomimetic actions are seen. Other side effects of MAOI include excessive CNS stimulation, orthostatic hypotension, weight gain, and in rare cases hepatotoxicity. Because the monoamine oxidase inhibitors exhibit greater toxicity, yet no greater therapeutic response than other, newer agents, clinical use has been markedly curtailed. The primary use for MAOIs is in the treatment of atypical depressions, eg, those associated with increased appetite, phobic anxiety, hypersomnolence, and fatigues, but not melancholia (2). 

The rising incidence of obesity has not paralleled sucrose consumption. The FDA Task Force concluded that sugars have no unique role in obesity and that dietary fat rather than carbohydrate is a significant contributor to this condition (62,67,68). However, sugar can promote weight gain in individuals with life-styles marked by excess caloric intake and insufficient exercise. 

Food nd W ter Consumption. Measurement of changes in food and water consumption may indicate a toxic potential, and can give guidance on the reason for abnormal body weight gains. 

It is possible to react an organic moiety to the hydroxyl groups on ceU waU components. This type of treatment also bulks the ceU with a permanently bonded chemical (68). Many compounds modify wood chemically. The best results are obtained by the hydroxyl groups of wood reacting under neutral or mildly alkaline conditions below 120°C. The chemical system used should be simple and must be capable of swelling the wood stmcture to facUitate penetration. The complete molecule must react quickly with wood components to yield stable chemical bonds while the treated wood retains the desirable properties of untreated wood. Anhydrides, epoxides, and isocyanates have ASE values of 60—75% at chemical weight gains of 20—30%. 

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