Calibrant run

Calibration run or autoluning is a I caiurc of the motor s malhcmalical mode) that can establish the motor parHiiieiers with its test run. 

If the actual motor data arc available from the motor manufacturer, a calibration run will not be ncccssar). The motor s mathematical model can now be fed with the explicit data to achieve more precise speed control. 

One-dimensional data are plotted versus an experimental variable a prime example is the Lambert-Beer plot of absorbance vs. concentration, as in a calibration run. The graph is expected to be a straight line over an appreciable range of the experimental variable. This is the classical domain of linear regression analysis. 

The FDA mandates that of all the calibration concentrations included in the validation plan, the lowest jc for which CV < 15% is the LOD (extrapolation or interpolation is forbidden). This bureaucratic rule results in a waste of effort by making analysts run unnecessary repeat measurements at each of a series of concentrations in the vicinity of the expected LOD in order to not end up having to repeat the whole validation because the initial estimate was off by + or - 20% extrapolation followed by a confirmatory series of determinations would do. The consequences are particularly severe if validation means repeating calibration runs on several days in sequence, at a cost of, say, (6 concentrations) x (8 repeats) x (6 days) = 288 sample work-ups and determinations. 

Because two laboratories were involved, there was a certain risk that this foreign contract laboratory in the cmcial calibration run would, despite cross-validation,26 come up with results for the QC standards that were at odds with those in the primary laboratory this would necessitate explanations. 

In a multi-year, multi-laboratory situation it is unlikely that the amount of primary standard (PS) will suffice to cover all requests. The next best thing is to calibrate a larger amount of lower-quality secondary standard (SS) against the PS, and to repeat the calibration at specified intervals until both the PS and the SS have been consumed. In this way, consistency can be upheld until a new lot of PS has been prepared and cross-validated against the previous one. In practice, a working standard will be locally calibrated against the SS and be used for the daily method calibration runs. (See Section 4.32.)... 

Fig. 3.7.4 (A) CRMI results of pressure versus volume on the Berea sandstone sample with a porosity of 20% and permeability 0.2 darcy. The two lines are raw CRMI data and the corrected data by a calibration run. Transducer noise was also filtered. The amount of the correction is fairly small and the two data sets overlap. (B) CRMI pore body volume distribution showing a predominant peak at around 20 nL. Figure from Ref. [57] with permis-...

Figure 53. Example of GenOpt calibration run, using a Nelder Mead Simplex algorithm...

The complete data series is used to calculate the temperature response, but only certain parts of the experimental data are used to calculate the error. An example of a calibration run is given in Figure 53, the final calibrated TRNSYS model run is shown in Figure 54. Using the first part of the data (with constant heat flux) an estimate of ground thermal conductivity of 2.15 was obtained. Yavatzturk s method yielded an estimate of 2.18, while the estimate obtained with the TRNSYS parameter estimation method was 2.10. 

Figure 56. Temperature error between measured and calculated temperature for each timestep using the parameter values from the different calibration runs (see Table 13)...

With the exception of the last calibration run (calibrating the parameters in series) all ground thermal conductivity and borehole conductivity values are very comparable. The ground thermal conductivity values estimated are significantly lower than the estimates obtained with the line source method (on the first 40 h of data). When the parameters are estimated separately, estimated ground thermal conductivity is higher. 

Plotting the errors for all individual data points (Figure 56) for the different calibration runs it is clear that largest errors are associated with periods of transient heat flux. Moreover, errors during the period with heat extraction (1—40 h and 1-80 h), increase with time. 

Chemical parameters (e.g., partition coefficients, decay rates, temperature and moisture effects) are not usually considered as calibration parameters because they can be measured in a laboratory moreover, calibration is usually not possible due to lack of observed data. However, most scientists will agree that extrapolation of laboratory parameter measurements to field conditions is a risky assumption. If observed chemical data are available, refinement of initial chemical parameters through calibration should be considered. Errors in calibration-derived parameter values are often a function of how much calibration was performed or errors in system inputs and/or outputs. In many modeling efforts, conscientious model users will often overrun the calibration budget because of the natural tendency to continue to make calibration runs in an effort to minimize discrepancies between simulated and observed values. Parameter errors associated with calibration are more often a result of missing and/or erroneous data either as system inputs or outputs. 

The behavior of potentiometric and pulsed galvanostatic polyion sensors can be directly compared. Figure 4.11 shows the time trace for the resulting protamine calibration curve in 0.1 M NaCl, obtained with this method (a) and with a potentiometric protamine membrane electrode (b) analogous to that described in [42, 43], Because of the effective renewal of the electrode surface between measuring pulses, the polyion response in (a) is free of any potential drift, and the signal fully returns to baseline after the calibration run. In contrast, the response of the potentiometric protamine electrode (b) exhibits very strong potential drifts. 

Heat release rates from the calibration run and the walls were made using Equations 1 to 13. The fire endurance results will be discussed in another paper. The tests were terminated shortly after structural failure or burnthrough of the wall assembly. The test termination times are given in Table II. 

The gas flow should be in the order of 0 - 101/h and is normally kept constant during the measurement. If higher rates are necessary their effect on the weight curve should be determined by calibration runs. Usually noncalibrated flow meters are used. The amount of the gas, that means the flow rate through the balance, depends on the density and viscosity of the gas. Such values are either listed in tables or must be taken from calibration experiments. 

One important experimental parameter is also the furnace which is used in the thermogravimetric apparatus. There always exist pronounced radial and vertical temperature gradients which can be found by calibration runs. As an example, the determination of the vertical temperature distribution by Wiedemann41 may be referred to. Also the amount and shape of the sample can contribute to a temperature gradient. This fact is of special importance for kinetic studies. Considerable temperature differences - up to several °C - can exist at different locations of the sample holder. 

If, as illustrated in figure 12.6, the isothermal starting lines of the various curves do not coincide, then A< >o, A< cai, and Aheat transfer change between runs, for example, due to a variation in the purge gas flow or the fact that it is virtually impossible to relocate the crucible containing the sample exactly in the position used for the calibrant run (normally the reference crucible remains in place throughout a series of runs). Note that a similar correction should have been used in the computation of heat flow or area quantities if, in the example of figure 12.4, the isothermal baselines of the main experiment and the zero line were not coincident. 

Knowledge of the composition of samples in an off-axis deposited phase spread is important. Calibration runs were used to determine the thickness vs position for single components deposited in our system at a given power setting. The drop-off in thickness as a function of distance from the gun is approximately exponential and can be modeled accurately to about 5 at%. We find that the deposition rates are additive for the three guns. RBS measurements have been made on a number of samples to validate our assumptions. In addition, we routinely use RBS measurements as a double check on the specific compositions that we identify as having superior properties. 

C36 263 caldum 74 calibration runs 164 calixarenes 133 cancer chemotherapy agents 9... 

Filters are sometimes derived from test cargo calibration runs to optimize the explosive detection. The PFNA detection algorithm can be totally automated but previous demonstrations (prior to the 2005 Ysleta Port of Entry testing) have used operator intervention to evaluate the basic scan alarm regions before a directed scan is made of the selected basic scan alarm regions. 

The specific heat at constant pressure, Cpf of the HIP-treated sample with nominal composition LaVg 25 0,7504 was measured over the temperature range 4-400 K by the heat pulse method in a calorimeter that incorporates a feedback system to regulate the temperature of concentric radiation shields surrounding the sample (9). The Cp values are accurate to within 1%, as determined by calibration runs using a polycrystalline copper sample and a sapphire single crystal sample. 

Electrolytic Procedure. The cell is placed inside a vertical-column, Hevi-Duty, multiple furnace and is surrounded by an Inconel heat shield (Fig. 13). The temperature-control thermocouple (Pt vs. 90% Pt — 10% Rh) is located between the crucible and the heat shield and is protected by an outer ceramic tube. A calibration run is initially made without a charge in the crucible. A second thermocouple is inserted through the heat shield and centered on the cover of the electrolytic cell. This thermocouple is read directly by means of a potentiometer the temperature of this thermocouple corresponds closely to that of the melt. The temperature controller is adjusted until the second thermocouple indicates the desired temperature for the electrolysis. ... 

Each sample to be analyzed was dissolved in tris(ethylenediamine)cadmium dihydroxide (1 mL) by stirring overnight, and then water (1 mL) was added. A 1-mL aliquot (concentration < 1.0%) was applied to the column, and elution proceeded with a pressure head of 100 cm and flow rate of 10 mL/h. A Turner 111 fluorometer (excitation filter 2A plus 47B and emission filter 8 plus 65A) fitted with a flow-through door allowed for automatic continuous monitoring of carbohydrates as they were eluted. Relative fluorescence was automatically recorded on a linear strip recorder. Fractions of 3 mL were collected on a FC-80K Gilson microfractionator. Typically, each sample was analyzed several times, usually at different concentrations, to ensure the reproducibility and accuracy of the data. A calibration run using the labeled dextrans was performed a minimum of one time per week. 

GPC Column Calibration. The chromatography of a typical calibration run is shown in Figure 1. The successive elution of molecules of diminishing size is shown from left to right across the profile peaks... 

The development of the experimental procedure then involves the preparation of standard mixtures to prepare a calibration curve, with due care paid to corrections for particle size distribution, background, illuminated volume of sample and preferred orientation. A typical calibration run is shown in Fig. 4.25. Determinations on a series of similar spiked mixtures leads to the calibration curve in Fig. 4.26. Analysis of the resulting data led to the determination of a minimum quantifiable limit of 5 per cent, a working range of 5-50 per cent Form B and an RDS of 16 per cent. The method... 

Fig. 4.25 A typical calibration run of a mixture of two polymorphs using the Rietveld analysis. The calibration sample was prepared using 5 per cent of Form B in a mixture of Forms A and B. The upper trace shows the laboratory data for this sample. The next two rows indicate the positions expected for the diffraction peaks of Forms B and A. The bottom trace shows the rms deviation resulting from the refinement of the combination of the full patterns for the two forms against the measured pattern. The best fit is obtained for a value of 4.6 per cent Form B. (From Newman et al. 1999, with permission.)...

Analysis of the stability of the signal at constant pressure versus time reveals that the relative error in pressure for analysis periods t < 2 s is dominated by the inaccuracy of the calibration parameter Z,oeo (caused by thermal drifts during the long calibration runs) rather than vibrational contributions or thermal effects upon analysis itself Fig. 4 shows the comparison of the signals detected via the Baratron differential transducer and the... 

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