Modeling using time between runs

Both flumes and basins should have some form of passive wave absorption along the boundaries to minimize unwanted wave reflections from walls (not present in the prototype) and reflective coastal structures (i.e., vertical walls that have less space to dissipate in models than in the prototype). Although this absorption is usually less critical for tsunamis than for wind waves, it is still useful to minimize the wasted time between runs that can be lost waiting for the water level to still out. In basins it is possible to have open boundaries on one or more sides that help minimize... 

Numerical soil models (time, space) provide a general tool for quantitative and qualitative analyses of soil quality, but require time consuming applications that may result in high study costs. In addition input data have to be given for each node or element of the model, which model has to be run twice, the number of rainfall events. On the other hand, analytic models obtained from analytic solutions of equation (3) are easier to use, but can simulate only averaged temporal and spatial conditions, which may not always reflect real world situations. Statistical models may provide a compromise between the above two situations. 

A best (interim) DryLab-predicted isocratic separation is shown in Fig. 16. Because of excess resolution in this separation, it is clear that a reduction in run time is possible with further changes in the conditions. The effects of shorter columns (10 cm instead of the original 15 cm) and higher flow rates (0.75 mL min as opposed to the original 0.45 mL min ) were modeled using DryLab, leading to the result shown in Fig. 17. The total mn time was reduced from about 9 min to less than 4 min, while maintaining adequate resolution between the peaks of interest... 

Within Section 2, we describe the basic concept of our novel model-based mutation debugging approach. Section 3 illustrates a model of a car alarm system, which is used as a running example during this paper. In Section 4 we define our deterministic Input/Output Timed Automata. In Section 5, we explain model mutation and a set of mutation operators for TA models and describe the linkage between model mutants and corresponding implementation faults. We explain our notion of the timed input/output conformance relation tioco and show the equivalence between language inclusion and tioco conformance in Section 6. 

The final optimization experiment used a two-factor central conq)osite design with four repetitions at the center point. Each comer point was repeated twice giving a total of 16 runs. The concentration was varied between 0.18 M and 0.42 M and the amount of base used was between 1.075 and 1.925 equivalents. Fitting the data to a quadratic model showed only the concentration term and the square of the concentration term to be statistically significant. The yield was optimal when about 17 mL of water were used per gram of substrate. An approximately 140 fold scale up using the optimum concentration, 1.25 equivalents of sodium hydroxide at 45 C, and a 3 hour reaction time resulted in production of a 95.6% HPLC yield of the desired product. A total of 113 reactions was run over the course of this study. 

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